October 23rd (this past Saturday!) was my 4th Googlevarsery and we are wrapping an incredible Google Next 2021!

When I started in 2017, we had a dream of making BigQuery Intelligent Data Warehouse that would power every organization’s data driven digital transformation. 

This year at Next, It was amazing to see Google Cloud’s CEO, Thomas Kurian, kick off his keynote with CTO of WalMart, Suresh Kumar , talking about how his organization is giving its data the “BigQuery treatment”.

AS  I recap Next 2021 and  reflect on our amazing journey over the past 4 years, I’m so proud of the opportunity I’ve had to work with some of the world’s most innovative companies from Twitter to Walmart to Home Depot, Snap, Paypal and many others.   

So much of what we announced at Next is the result of years of hard work, persistence and commitment to delivering the best analytics experience for customers. 

I believe that one of the reasons why customers choose Google for data is because we have shown a strong alignment between our strategy and theirs and because we’ve been relentlessly delivering innovation at the speed they require. 

Unified Smart Analytics Platform 

Over the past 4 years our focus has been to build industries leading unified smart analytics platforms. BigQuery is at the heart of this vision and seamlessly integrates with all our other services. Customers can use BigQuery to query data in BigQuery Storage, Google Cloud Storage, AWS S3, Azure Blobstore, various databases like BigTable, Spanner, Cloud SQL etc. They can also use  any engine like Spark, Dataflow, Vertex AI with BigQuery. BigQuery automatically syncs all its metadata with Data Catalog and users can then run a Data Loss Prevention service to identify sensitive data and tag it. These tags can then be used to create access policies. 

In addition to Google services, all our partner products also integrate with BigQuery seamlessly. Some of the key partners highlighted at Next 21 included Data Ingestion (Fivetran, Informatica & Confluent), Data preparation (Trifacta, DBT),  Data Governance (Colibra), Data Science (Databricks, Dataiku) and BI (Tableau, PowerBI, Qlik etc).

Planet Scale analytics with BigQuery

BigQuery is an amazing platform and over the past 11 years we have continued to innovate in various aspects. Scalability has always been a huge differentiator for BigQuery. BigQuery has many customers with more than 100 petabytes of data and our largest customer is now approaching  an exabyte of data. Our large customers have run queries over trillions of rows. 

But scale for us is not just about storing or processing a lot of data. Scale is also how we can reach every organization in the world. This is the reason we launched BigQuery Sandbox which enables organizations to get started with BigQuery without a credit card. This has enabled us to reach tens of thousands of customers. Additionally to make it easy to get started with BigQuery we have built integrations with various Google tools like Firebase, Google Ads, Google Analytics 360, etc. 

Finally, to simplify adoption we now provide options for customers to choose whether they would like to pay per query, buy flat rate subscriptions or buy per second capacity. With our autoscaling capabilities we can provide customers best value by mixing flat rate subscription discounts with auto scaling with flex slots.

Intelligent Data Warehouse to empower every data analyst to become a data scientist

BigQuery ML is one of the  biggest innovations that we have brought to market over the past few years. Our vision is to make every data analyst a data scientist by democratizing Machine learning. 80% of time is spent in moving, prepping and transforming data for the ML platform. This also causes a huge data governance problem as now every data scientist has a copy of your most valuable data.  Our approach was very simple.  We asked:”what if we could bring ML to data rather than taking data to an ML engine?” 

That is how BigQuery ML was born. Simply write 2 lines of SQL code and create ML models. 

Over the past 4 years we have launched many models like regression, matrix factorization, anomaly detection, time series, XGboost, DNN etc. These  models are used by customers to solve complex  business problems simply from segmentation, recommendations, time series forecasting, package delivery estimation etc. The service is very popular: 80%+ of our top customers are using BigQueryML today.  When you consider that the average adoption rate of ML/AI is in the low 30%, 80% is a pretty good result!

We announced tighter integration of BQML with Vertex AI. Model explainability will provide the ability to explain the results of predictive ML classification and regression models by understanding how each feature contributes to the predicted result. Also users will be able to manage, compare and deploy BigQuery ML models in Vertex; leverage Vertex Pipelines to train and predict BigQuery ML models.

Real-time streaming analytics with BigQuery 

Customer expectations are changing and everyone wants everything in an instant: according to Gartner, by the end of 2024, 75% of enterprises will shift from piloting to operationalizing AI, driving a 5X increase in streaming data and analytics infrastructures.

The BigQuery’s storage engine is optimized for real-time streaming. BigQuery supports streaming ingestion of 10s of millions of events in real-time and there is no impact on query performance. Additionally customers  can use materialized views and BI Engine (which is now GA) on top of streaming data. We guarantee always fast, always fresh data. Our system automatically updates MVs and BI Engine. 

Many customers also use our PubSub service to collect real-time events and process these through Dataflow prior to ingesting into BigQuery. This is a streaming ETL pattern which is very popular. Last year,we announced PubSub Lite to  provide customers with a 90% lower price point and aTCO that is lower than any DIY Kafka deployment. 

We also announced Dataflow Prime, it is our next generation platform for Dataflow. Big Data processing platforms have only focused on horizontal scaling to optimize workloads. But we have seen new patterns and use cases like streaming AI where you may have a few steps in pipelines that perform data prep and then customers  have to run a GPU based model. Customers  want to use different sizes and shapes of machines to run these pipelines in the most optimum manner. This is exactly what Dataflow Prime does. It delivers vertical auto scaling with the right fitting for your pipelines. We believe this should lower costs for pipelines significantly.

With Datastream as our change data capture service (built on Alooma technology), we have solved the last key problem space for customers. We can automatically detect changes in your operational databases like MySQL, Postgres, Oracle etc and sync them in BigQuery.

Most importantly, all these products work seamlessly with each other through a set of templates. Our goal is to make this even more seamless over next year. 

Open Data Analytics with BigQuery

Google has always been a big believer in Open Source initiatives. Our customers love using various open source offerings like Spark, Flink, Presto, Airflow etc. With Dataproc & Composer our customers have been able to run various of these open source frameworks on GCP and leverage our scale, speed and security. Dataproc is a great service and delivers massive savings to customers moving from on-prem Hadoop environments. But customers want to focus on jobs and not clusters. 

That’s why we launched Dataproc Serverless Spark (GA) offering at Next 2021. This new service adheres to one of our key design principles we started with: make data simple.  

Just like with BigQuery, you can simply RUN QUERY. With Spark on Google Cloud, you simply RUN JOB.  ZDNet did a great piece on this.  I invite you to check it out!

Many of our customers are moving to Kubernetes and wanted to use that as the platform for Spark. Our upcoming Spark on GKE offering will give the ability to deploy spark workloads on existing Kubernetes clusters.  

But for me the most exciting capability we have is, the ability to run Spark directly on BigQuery Storage. BigQuery storage is highly optimized analytical storage. By running Spark directly on it, we again bring compute to data and avoid moving data to compute. 

BigSearch to power Log Analytics

We are bringing the power of Search to BigQuery. Customers already ingest massive amounts of log data into BigQuery and perform analytics on it. Our customers have been asking us for better support for native JSON and Search. At Next 21 we announced the upcoming availability of both these capabilities.

Fast cross column search will provide efficient indexing of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. User friendly SQL functions let customers rapidly find data points without having to scan all the text in your table or even know which column the data resides in. 

This will be tightly integrated with native JSON, allowing customers to get BigQuery performance and storage optimizations on JSON as well as search on unstructured or constantly changing  data structures. 

Multi & Cross Cloud Analytics

Research on multi cloud adoption is unequivocal — 92% of businesses in 2021 report having a multi cloud strategy. We have always believed in providing customers choice to our customers and meeting them where they are. It was clear that all our customers wanted us to take our gems like BigQuery to other clouds as their data was distributed on different clouds. 

Additionally it was clear that customers wanted cross cloud analytics not multi-cloud solutions that can just run in different clouds. In short, see all their data with a single pane of glass, perform analysis on top of any data without worrying about where it is located, avoid egress costs and finally perform cross cloud analysis across datasets on different clouds.

With BigQuery Omni, we deliver on this vision, with a new way of analyzing data stored in multiple public clouds.  Unlike competitors, BigQuery Omni does not create silos across different clouds. BigQUery provides a single control plane that shows an analyst all data they have access to across all clouds. Analyst just writes the query and we send it to the right cloud across AWS, Azure or GCP to execute it locally. Hence no egress costs are incurred. 

We announced BQ Omni GA for both AWS and Azure at Google Next 21 and I’m really proud of the team for delivering on this vision.  Check out Vidya’s session and learn from Johnson and Johnson how they innovate in a multi-cloud world.

Geospatial Analytics with BigQuery and Earth Engine

We have partnered with our Google Geospatial team to deliver GIS functionality inside BigQuery over the years. At Next we announced that customers will be able to integrate Earth Engine with BigQuery, Google Cloud’s ML technologies, and Google Maps Platform. 

Think about all the scenarios and use-cases your team’s going to be able to enable sustainable sourcing, saving energy or understanding business risks.

We’re integrating the best of Google and Google Cloud together to – again – make it easier to work with data to create a sustainable future for our planet.  

BigQuery as a Data Exchange & Sharing Platform

BigQuery was built to be a sharing platform. Today we have 3000+ organizations sharing more than 250 petabytes of data across organizations. Google also brings more than 150 public datasets to be used across various use cases. In addition to this, we are also bringing some of the most unique datasets like Google Trends to BigQuery. This will enable organizations to understand in real-time trends and apply to their business problems.

I am super excited about the Analytics Hub Preview announcement. Analytics Hub will provide the ability for organizations to build private and public analytics exchanges. This will include data, insights, ML Models and visualizations. This is built on top of the industry leading security capabilities of BigQuery.

Breaking Data Silos

Data is distributed across various systems in the organization and making it easy to break the data silo and make all this data accessible to all is critical. I’m also particularly excited about the Migration Factory we’re building with Informatica and the work we are doing for data movement, intelligent data wrangling with players like Trifacta and FiveTran, with whom we share over 1,000 customers (and growing!).  Additionally we continue to deliver native Google service to help our customers. 

We acquired Cask in 2018 and launched our self service Data Integration service in Data Fusion. Now Fusion allows customers to create complex pipelines with just simple drag and drop. This year we focused on unlocking SAP data for our customers. We have launched various SAP connectors and accelerators to achieve this.

At GCP Next we also announced our BigQuery Migration service in preview. Many of our customers are migrating their legacy data warehouses and data lakes to BigQuery. BigQuery Migration Service provides end-to-end tools to simplify migrations for these customers. 

And today, to make migrations to BigQuery easier for even more customers, I am super excited to announce the acquisition of CompilerWorks. CompilerWorks’ Transpiler is designed from the ground up to facilitate SQL migration in the real world and will help our customers accelerate their migrations. It supports migrations from over 10 legacy enterprises data warehouses and we will be making it available as part of our BigQuery Migration service in the coming months.

Data Democratization with BigQuery

Over the past 4 years we have focused a lot on making it very  easy to derive actionable insights from data in BigQuery. Our priority has been to provide a strong ecosystem of partners that can provide you with great tools to achieve this but also deliver native Google capabilities. 

With our BI engine GA announcement which we introduced in 2019, previewed earlier this year and showcased with tools like Microsoft PowerBI and Tableau, is now available for all to play with.

BigQuery + Data Studio are like peanut butter and Jelly. They just work well together. We launched BI Engine first with Data Studio and scaled it to all the users. More than 40% of our BigQuery customers use Data Studio. Once we knew BI Engine works extremely well we now have made it an integral part of BigQuery API and launched it for all our internal and partner BI tools. 

We announced GA for BI Engine at Next 2021 but we were already GA with Data Studio for the past 2 years. We recently moved the Data Studio team back into Google Cloud making the partnership even stronger. If you have not used Data Studio, I encourage you to take a look and get started for free today here!! 

Connected Sheets for BigQuery is one of my favorite combinations. You can give every business user in your organization the ability to analyze billions of records using standard Google Sheets experience. I personally use it everyday to analyze all our product data. 

We acquired Looker in Feb 2020 with a vision of providing a semantic modeling layer to our customers with a governed BI solution. Looker is tightly integrated with BigQuery including BigQuery ML. Our latest partnership with Tableau where Tableau customers will soon be able to leverage Looker’s semantic model, enabling new levels of data governance while democratizing access to data. 

Finally, I have a dream that one day we will bring Google Assistant to your enterprise data. This is the vision of Data QnA. We are in early innings on this and we will continue to work hard to make this vision a reality. 

Intelligent Data Fabric to unify the platform

Another important trend that shaped our market is the Data Mesh.  Earlier this year, Starburst invited me to talk about this very topic. We have been working for years on this concept, and although we would love for all data to be neatly organized in one place, we know that our customers’ reality is that it is not (If you want to know more about this, read about my debate on this topic with Fivetran’s George Fraser, a16z’s Martin Casado and Databricks’ Ali Ghodsi).

Everything I’ve learned from customers over my years in this field is that they don’t just need a data catalog or a set of data quality and governance tools, they need an intelligent data fabric.  That is why we created Dataplex, whose general availability we announced at Next.

Dataplex enables customers to centrally manage, monitor, and govern data across data lakes, data warehouses, and data marts, while also ensuring data is securely accessible to a variety of analytics and data science tools.  It lets customers organize and manage data in a way that makes sense for their business, without data movement or duplication. It provides logical constructs – lakes, data zones, and assets – which enable customers to abstract away the underlying storage systems to build a foundation for setting policies around data access, security, lifecycle management, and so on.  Check out Prajakta Damle’s session and learn from Deutsche Bank how they are thinking about a unified data mesh across distributed data.

Closing Thoughts

Analysts have recognized our momentum and, as I look back at this year, I couldn’t thank our customers and partners enough for the support they provided my team and I across our large Data Analytics portfolio: in March, Google BigQuery was named a Leader in The Forrester Wave™: Cloud Data Warehouse, Q1 2021.  And in June, Dataflow was named a Leader in The Forrester Wave™: Streaming Analytics, Q2 2021 report.

If you want to get a taste for why customers choose us over other hyperscalers or cloud data warehousing, I suggest you watch the Data Journey series we’ve just launched, which documents the stories of organizations modernizing to the cloud with us.

The Google Cloud Data Analytics portfolio has become a leading force in the industry and I couldn’t be more excited to have been part of it.  I do miss you, my customers and partners, and I’m frankly bummed that we didn’t get to meet in person like we’ve done so many times before (see a photo of my last in-person talk before the pandemic), but this Google Next was extra special, so let’s dive into the product innovation and their themes.

I hope that I will get to see you in person next time we run Google Next!

Editor’s note: The video platform Vimeo leverages managed database services from Google Cloud to serve up billions of views around the world each day. Here’s how they deliver a consistent user experience across all their content.

Vimeo is the world’s leading video software solution, powering hundreds of thousands of new uploads every day and billions of views. At our scale, it’s paramount that we retain a seamless user experience across all of the videos hosted, shared, and viewed on our platform. With managed database services from Google Cloud, we’ve been able to deliver a consistent and reliable user experience no matter where our users and their audiences are.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=ggpAUgEL2iE%3Fenablejsapi%3D1%26

Outgrowing the data center and gaining more scale

Our first exposure to Google Cloud was the excellent performance between Google Compute Engine (GCE) and Google Cloud Storage (GCS), which we used to design a really high quality playback and upload environment for our customers’ videos. At first we were simply creating cloud-based packaging and delivery of their content, but the bulk of our application ran on an on-premises MySQL database. Seeing the gains from our initial investment in GCE and GCS, we decided to fully migrate to Google Cloud. 

We started by lifting and shifting our workloads from our on-premises deployments to GCE. But we quickly realized we had to redesign our application to deliver higher availability and responsiveness for an exceptional user experience, which led us to Cloud Spanner, a distributed SQL database management and storage service. With Spanner, we found all the benefits of a relational semantics database with global scale, allowing us to add more nodes with the push of a button. 

Today we have a multi-region instance with 99.999% uptime, so we’re confident it can handle our video workloads. We use about 16 Spanner nodes to cover approximately 50.8 billion rows and about 4.5 terabytes of storage/disk space. And with the launch of Video Library, we have the scale we need to fundamentally change the way organizations handle content. 

Using Spanner as a time machine during migration

During the initial migration, we wanted to ensure an accurate data transfer with as few errors or bugs as possible. When we moved data from MySQL tables into Spanner, we ran spot analyses to check for potential problems. If the data didn’t match, Spanner allowed us to revert to the original in a single click. Through Spanner we could check stale timestamps or past users. It almost functioned like a time machine by offering point-in-time recovery functionality.

Serving up any video at any time

We work with a long tail of content. Depending on how popular a video is, we take a different approach to storing it. We cache the most popular material so it’s immediately accessible and use Cloud Spanner to ensure it’s highly available across multiple regions. On the flip side, we use Cloud SQL for some lower volume satellite services that support other components of the application that don’t require the same guarantees or performance that Cloud Spanner provides.  

As our millions of users continue to upload their own videos, Spanner also acts as a video metadata indexing and cataloging service. When we need to play back a particular video, we can quickly and easily find it in a sea of content. It’s crucial that our database is highly available and reliable so the playback experience is seamless for our users. 

To learn more about Vimeo, visit our site.

Learn more about how your organization can use Cloud Spanner.

For years, retailers have been told that they must embrace a litany of new technologies, trends, and imperatives like online shopping, mobile apps, omnichannel, and digital transformation. In search of growth and stability, retailers adopted many of these, only to realize that for every box they ticked, there was another one waiting.

And then the pandemic hit, along with rising social movements and increasingly harsh weather. Some retailers were more prepared to take on these disruptions than others, which crystallized a new universal truth across the industry: the ability to adapt on the fly became the most important trait to survive and thrive.

Today’s retail landscape has surfaced both existing and new challenges for specialty and department store retailers. Approximately 88% of purchases previously occurred within a store environment. Now, it’s closer to 59%, with the remainder done online or through other omni methods. 

With such constant change and upheaval, it can feel like the mantra now is ABP: always be pivoting. 

The big question isn’t just how to maintain constant momentum and agility—it’s how to do it without sapping your workforce, your inventory, or your profits in the process. The pivot is now a given. What matters is how you do it.

Adapting requires a flexible base of technology that allows retailers to shift and scale seamlessly with the needs of the moment. 

They need to be able to leverage real-time insights and enhance customer experiences rapidly, online and in the real world (not to mention the growing hybridization that’s AR and VR). They need to modernize their stores to power engaging consumer and associate experiences. They need to enhance operations for rapid scaling between full operations and digital-only offerings.

To help retailers achieve these goals and more, Google Cloud is honing a trio of essential innovations: demand forecasting that harnesses the power of data analytics and artificial intelligence; enhanced product discovery to improve conversion across channels; and the tools to help create the modern store experience.

In other words, here’s some of the biggest ways we’re ready to help you pivot.

Pivot point 1: Harnessing data and AI for demand forecasting with Vertex AI

One of the greatest challenges for retailers when building organizational flexibility is managing inventory and the supply chain. 

We are in the midst of one of the worst global supply chain crises, stemming from soaring demand and logistics issues brought on by the pandemic. This crisis has only heightened the challenge retailers face when assessing demand and product availability. Even in normal times, mismanagement of inventory can add up to a trillion-dollar problem, according to IHL Group (costing $634 billion in lost sales worldwide each year, while overstocks result in $472 billion in lost revenues due to markdowns). 

On the flipside, optimizing your supply chain can lead to greater profits. For instance, McKinsey predicts that a 10% to 20% improvement in retail supply chain forecasting accuracy is likely to produce a 5% reduction in inventory costs and a 2% to 3% increase in revenues.

Some of the challenges related to demand forecasting include:

• Low accuracy leads to excess inventory, missed sales, and pressure on fragile supply chains.
• Real drivers of product demand are not included, because large datasets are hard to model using traditional methods.
• Poor accuracy for new product launches and products that have sparse or intermittent demand.
• Complex models are hard to understand, leading to poor product allocation and low return on investment on promotions.
• Different departments use different methods, leading to miscommunication and costly reconciliation errors.

AI-based demand forecasting techniques can help. Vertex AI Forecast supports retailers in maintaining greater inventory flexibility by infusing machine learning into their existing systems. Machine learning and AI-based forecasting models like Vertex AI are able to digest large sets of disparate data, drive analytics and automatically adjust when provided with new information. 

With these machine learning models, retailers can not only incorporate historical sales data, but also use close to real-time data such as marketing campaigns, web actions like a customer clicking the “add to cart” button on a website, local weather forecasts, and much more. 

Pivot point 2: Enhanced product discovery through AI-powered search and recommendations

If customers can’t easily find what they are looking for, whether online or at the store, they will turn to someone else. That’s a simple statement, but one with profound impacts.

In research conducted by The Harris Poll and Google Cloud, we found that over a six month period, 95% of consumers received search results that were not relevant to what they were searching for on a retail website. And roughly 85% of consumers view a brand differently after an unsuccessful search, while 74% say they avoid websites where they’ve experienced search difficulties in the past.

Each year, retailers lose more than $300 billion dollars from search abandonment, or when a consumer searches for a product on a retailer’s website but does not find what they are looking for. Our product discovery solutions help you surface the right products, to the right customers, at the right time. These solutions include: 

• Vision Product Search, which is like bringing the augmented reality of Google Lens to a retailer’s own branded mobile app experience. Both shoppers and retail store associates can search for products using an image they’ve photographed or found online and receive a ranked list of similar items.
• Recommendations AI, which enables retailers to deliver highly personalized recommendations at scale across channels.
• Retail Search, which provides Google-quality search results on a retailer’s own website and mobile applications.

All three are powered by Google Cloud, leveraging Google’s advanced understanding of user context and intent, utilizing technology to deliver a seamless experience to every shopper. With these combined capabilities, retailers are able to reduce search abandonment and improve conversions across their digital properties. 

Pivot point 3: Building the modern store

Stores are no longer places for just browsing and buying. They must be flexible operation centers, ready to pivot to address changing circumstances. The modern store must be multiple things at once: a mini-fulfillment and return center, a recommendation engine, a shopping destination, a fun place to work, and more. 

Just as retail companies had to embrace omnichannel, stores are now becoming omnichannel centers on their own, mixing the digital and physical into a single location. Retailers can use physical stores as a vehicle to deliver superior customer experiences. This will demand heightened levels of collaboration and cooperation between stores, digital, and tech infrastructure teams, building on the agile ways they have worked together.

In many ways, it’s about allowing our physical spaces to function more like digital ones. Google Cloud can help by bringing the scalability, security, and reliability of the cloud to the store, allowing physical locations to upgrade infrastructure and modernize their internal and customer-facing applications. 

Think of it as when a new OS gets released for your phone. It’s the same small, hard box, but the experience can feel radically different. Now, extend that same idea to a digitally enabled store. With the right displays, interfaces, and tools at a given retail location, the team only needs to send an over-the-air update to create radically fresh experiences, ranging from sales displays to fulfillment or employee engagement.

Such an approach can enable streamlined experiences for both customers and store associates. For instance, when it comes to the modern store’s evolving role as a fulfillment or return center, cloud solutions can help drive efficiency in stores through automation of ordering, replenishment, and fulfillment of omnichannel order selection.  

Similar tools for personalized product discovery online can be applied to customers in the store, helping them to browse and explore, or even create a tailored shopping experience. 

The impact of store associates can be maximized by equipping them with technology to provide expertise that drives value-added customer service, as well as increasing productivity in stores by streamlining operations, thus lowering overhead cost. At the register, customers should be able to enjoy frictionless checkout while ensuring reliable, accurate, secure transactions.

Google Cloud can help retailers transform

The ability to adapt and pivot to meet today’s changing consumer needs requires that retailers rely on modern tools to obtain operational flexibility. We believe that every company can be a tech company. That every decision is data driven. That every store is physical and digital all at once. That every worker is a tech worker. 

Google Cloud works with retailers to help them solve their most challenging problems. We have the unique ability to handle massive amounts of unstructured data, in addition to advanced capabilities in AI and ML. Our products and solutions help retailers focus on what’s most important—from improving operations to capturing digital and omnichannel revenue.

Customer expectations have shifted as a result of evolving needs. Across industries, customers expect that you treat them as individuals, and demonstrate how well you understand and serve their unique needs. This concept—personalization—is the idea that you’re delivering a tailored experience to each customer corresponding to their needs and preferences; you’re setting up a process to create individualized interactions that improves the customer’s experience. According to Salesforce, 84% of consumers say being treated like a person, not a number, is very important to winning their business. 

Entire industries are undergoing digital transformation to better serve their customers through personalized experiences. For example, retailers are improving engagement and conversion with personalized content, offers, and product recommendations. Advertising technology organizations are increasing the relevance and effectiveness of their ads using customer insights like their specific interests, purchasing intent, and buying behavior. Digital music services are helping their customers discover and enjoy new music, playlists, and podcasts based on their listening behavior and interests. 

As customers want more and more personalization, modern technology is making it possible for many more businesses to achieve this. In this post, we’ll look at some common challenges to implementing personalization capabilities and how to solve them with transformative database technologies like Google Cloud’s Bigtable. Bigtable powers core Google services such as Google Maps that supports more than a billion users, and its petabyte scale, high availability, high throughput, and price-performance advantages help you deliver personalization at scale.  

Challenges with personalization 

Data is at the heart of personalization. To deliver personalization at scale, an application needs to store, manage, and access large volumes of data (a combination of customer-specific data and anonymized aggregate data across customers) to develop a deep understanding of the behavior, needs, and preferences of each customer. Your database needs to very quickly write large volumes of data concurrently for all active customers. You need to continuously capture data on customer behavior because each step potentially informs the next, e.g., adding an item to a shopping cart can be used to trigger new recommendations for related or complementary products. Much of this data needed for personalization is semi-structured and sparse, and therefore requires a database with a flexible data model. 

Personalization at scale requires large volumes of data to be read in near real-time so that it can be in the critical serving path to deliver a seamless user experience, often with a total application latency of less than 100ms. This means your requests to the database need to return results with latencies of single-digit milliseconds. You need to ensure that application latencies do not degrade as you onboard more customers. Data needs to be organized efficiently and integrated with other tools so that you can run deep analytical queries and use machine learning (ML) models to develop personalized recommendations, and store the aggregates in your operational database for serving your customers. You also need the ability to run large batch reads for analytics without affecting the serving performance of your application. 

In addition, you need to ensure that your database costs do not explode with the popularity of your application. Your database needs to consistently deliver low total cost of ownership (TCO), and high price-performance as your data volumes and throughput needs grow. Your database needs to scale seamlessly and linearly to deliver consistent, predictable performance to all users around the world. Additionally, your database needs to be easy to manage, so that you can focus on your application instead of managing the complexity of your database.

Why a NoSQL database is the right fit for personalization 

Every database reflects a set of engineering tradeoffs. When relational databases were designed 40 years ago, storage, compute, and memory were thousands of times more expensive than they are today. Databases were deployed on a single server to a relatively small number of concurrent users, whose access to the systems tended to be during normal business hours when users had network access. Relational databases were designed with these resources, costs, and use in mind. They work very hard to be storage and memory efficient, and assume a single server for deployments. 

As the costs of storage, memory, and compute decreased, and as data and workloads grew to exceed the capacity of commodity hardware, engineers began to reconsider these tradeoffs with different goals in mind. New types of databases later emerged that assumed distributed architectures so they could be easier to scale, especially with cloud infrastructure. With this approach the tradeoff in turn was to forego the sophistication of SQL and much of the data integrity and transactional capabilities developed in relational systems. These systems are commonly called NoSQL databases.

Traditional relational databases assume a fixed schema that will change infrequently over time. While this predictability of data structure allows for many optimizations, it also makes it difficult and cumbersome to add new and varying data elements in your application. NoSQL databases, such as key value stores and document databases, relax the rigidity of the schema and allow for data structures to evolve much more easily over time. Flexible data models speed the pace of innovation in your application, and increase your ability to iterate on your ML models, which is essential for personalization. In addition, the scalability of systems like Cloud Bigtable allow you to deliver personalization to millions of concurrent users while you continue to evolve how you personalize experiences for your customers.

How Cloud Bigtable enables personalization at scale

Cloud Bigtable supports personalization at scale with its ability to handle millions of requests per second, cost-effectively store petabytes of data¹, and deliver consistent single-digit millisecond latencies for reads and writes. Bigtable delivers a unique mix of high performance and low operating cost to reduce your TCO. 

We’ve heard from Spotify, Segment, and Algolia about how they’ve built personalized experiences for their customers with Bigtable. Check out this presentation to hear Peter Sobot of Spotify describe how they use Bigtable for personalization. 

Let’s imagine a scenario where your application takes off like a rocketship, and grows to 250 million users. Let’s assume a peak 1.75 million concurrent users of your application², with each user sending two requests per minute to your database. This will drive 3.5 million requests per minute to your database, or approximately 58.3K requests per second. Pricing for Bigtable to run this workload will start at under $400 per day³.

Bigtable scales throughput linearly with additional nodes. With separation of compute and storage, Bigtable automatically configures throughput by adjusting the association of nodes and data to provide consistent performance. When a node is experiencing heavy load, Bigtable automatically moves some of the traffic to a node with lower load to improve the overall performance. Bigtable also supports cross-region replication, with local writes in each region. This allows you to manage your data near your customers’ geographic locations, reducing network latency and bringing predictable, low-latency reads and writes to your customers in different regions around the world. 

Bigtable is a NoSQL database developed and operated by Google Cloud. Bigtable provides a column family data model that allows you to flexibly store varying data elements for customers associated with their behavior and preferences, store a very large number of such data elements across your customers, and quickly iterate on your application. Bigtable supports trillions of rows with millions of columns. Each row in Bigtable supports up to 256 MB of data, so that you can easily store all personalized data for a customer in a single row. Bigtable tables are sparse, and there is no storage penalty for a column that is not used in a row; you only pay for the columns that store values.

BigQuery ML allows you to create and run ML models directly in BigQuery to develop personalization recommendations that you can bring back to Bigtable. You can easily pipe Bigtable data into BigQuery to run deep analytical queries and develop recommendations. These aggregates, like computed recommendations, are brought back to Bigtable so your application can serve those recommendations to users with low latency and massive scale. 

Bigtable integrates with the Apache Beam ecosystem and Dataflow to make it easier for you to process and analyze your data. With application profiles and replication in Bigtable, you can isolate your workloads so that batch reads do not slow down your serving workload that has a mix of reads and writes. This enables your application to perform near real-time reads at scale to develop and train machine learning models in TensorFlow for personalization. Bigtable gives you the right operational data platform to develop personalization recommendations offline or in real-time, and serve them to your customers.

Here’s a look at conceptual schema examples for personalization in ecommerce:

And here’s a quick overview of what personalization use cases require, and how Bigtable addresses them.

Bigtable is fully managed to free you from the complexity of managing your database, so that you can focus on delivering a deeply personalized experience to your customers. Learn more about Bigtable.

<sup>1. Storage pricing (HDD) starts at $0.026 per GB/mo (us-central1)
2. Assumes application is used 24 hours a day, average user session is 5 minutes (Android app average), and daily peak is 2x the average. (250 million / (24 hours / 5 minutes) *2 = 1,736,111 peak concurrent users (us-central1 region)
3. Cloud Bigtable pricing for us-central1 region. Assumes 25 TB SSD storage (100 KB per user, for 250 million users) per month, 10 compute nodes per month (with no replication), includes data backup. Bigtable pricing details.</sup>

97 zettabytes was the estimated volume of data generated worldwide in 2022¹. This sort of explosion in data volume is happening in every enterprise. Now imagine being able to access all this data you own from anywhere, at any time, analyze it, and leverage its insights to innovate your products and services? One of the biggest barriers to fulfilling this vision is the complexity inherent in dealing with data trapped across silos in an enterprise. Google Data Cloud offers a unified, open, and intelligent platform for innovation, allowing you to integrate your data on a common architectural platform. Across industries, organizations are able to reimagine their data possibilities in entirely new ways and quickly build applications that delight their customers.

Siloed data: The barrier to speed and innovation

Digital technologies ranging from transaction processing to analytics and AI/ML use data to help enterprises understand their customers better. And the pace of innovation has naturally accelerated as organizations learn, adapt, and race to build the next generation of applications and services to compete for customers and meet their needs. At Next 2022, we made a prediction that the barriers between transactional and analytical workloads will mostly disappear.

Traditionally, data architectures have separated transactional and analytical systems—and that’s for good reason. Transactional databases are optimized for fast reads and writes, and analytical databases are optimized for analyzing and aggregating large data sets. This has siloed enterprise data systems, leaving many IT teams struggling to piece together solutions. The result has been time consuming, expensive, and complicated fixes to support intelligent, data-driven applications. 

But, with the introduction of new technologies, a more time-efficient and cost-effective approach is possible. Customers now expect to see personalized recommendations and tailored experiences from their applications. With hybrid systems that support both transactional and analytical processing on the same data, without impacting performance, these systems now work together to generate timely, actionable insights that can be used to create better experiences and accelerate business outcomes.   

According to a 2022 research paper from IDC, unifying data across silos via a data cloud is the foundational capability enterprises need to gain new insights on rapidly changing conditions and to enable operational intelligence. The modern data cloud provides unified, connected, scalable, secure, extensible, and open data, analytics, and AI/ML services. In this platform, everything is connected to everything else.

Why reducing data barriers delivers more value 

The primary benefit of a unified data cloud is that it provides an intuitive and timely way to represent data and allows easy access to related data points. By unifying their data, enterprises are able to: 

1. Ingest data faster – for operational intelligence
2. Unify data across silos – for new insights
3. Share data with partners – for collaborative problem solving
4. Change forecasting models – to understand and prepare for shifting markets
5. Iterate with decision-making scenarios – to ensure agile responses
6. Train models on historical data – to build smarter applications

As generative AI applications akin to Bard, an early experiment by Google, become available in the workplace, it will be more important than ever for organizations to have a unified data landscape to holistically train and validate their proprietary large language models. 

With these benefits enterprises can accelerate their digital transformation in order to thrive in our increasingly complex digital environment. A survey of more than 800 IT leaders indicated that using a data cloud enabled them to significantly improve employee productivity, operational efficiency, innovation, and customer experience, among others. 

Build modern apps with a unified and integrated data cloud

Google Cloud technologies and capabilities reduce the friction between transactional and analytical workloads and make it easier for developers to build applications, and to glean real-time insights. Here are a few examples. 

1. AlloyDB for PostgreSQL, a fully managed PostgreSQL-compatible database, and AlloyDB Omni, the recently launched downloadable edition of AlloyDB, can analyze transactional data in real time. AlloyDB is more than four times faster for transactional workloads and up to a 100 times faster for analytical queries compared to standard PostgreSQL, according to our performance tests. This kind of performance makes AlloyDB the ideal database for hybrid transactional and analytical processing (HTAP) workloads.
2. Datastream for BigQuery, a serverless change data capture and replication service, provides simple and easy real time data replication from transactional databases like AlloyDB, PostgreSQL, MySQL and Oracle directly into BigQuery, Google Cloud’s enterprise data warehouse.
3. And, query federation with Cloud Spanner, Cloud SQL, and Cloud Bigtable, make data available right from the BigQuery console allowing customers to analyze data in real-time in transactional databases. 

Speed up deployments and lower costs

By reducing data barriers, we’re taking a fundamentally different approach that allows organizations to be more innovative, efficient, and customer-focused by providing: 

• Built-in industry leading AI and ML that helps organizations not only build improved insights, but also automate core business processes and enable deep ML-driven product innovation. 
• Best-in-class flexibility. Integration with open source standards and APIs ensures portability and extensibility to prevent lock-in. Plus, choice of deployment options means easy interoperability with existing solutions and investments.  
• The most unified data platform with the ability to manage every stage of the data lifecycle, from running operational databases to managing analytics applications across data warehouses and lakes to rich data-driven experiences. 
• Fully managed database services that free up DBA/DevOps time to focus on high-value work that is more profitable to the business. Organizations that switch from self-managed databases eliminate manual work, realize significant cost savings, reduce risk from security breaches and downtime and increase productivity and innovation. In an IDC survey, for example, Cloud SQL customers achieve an average three-year ROI of 246% because of the value and efficiencies this fully managed service delivers. 

Google Data Cloud improves the efficiency and productivity of your teams, resulting in increased innovation across your organization. This is the unified, open approach to data-driven transformation bringing unmatched speed, scale, security, and with AI built in. 

In case you missed it: Check out our Data Cloud and AI Summit that happened on March 29th, to learn more about the latest innovations across databases, data analytics, BI and AI. In addition, learn more about the value of managed database services like Cloud SQL in this IDC study.

^{1. How Big is Big? – Statista}