Cloud TPU v4: powerful and efficient ML infrastructure anywhere

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Today, ML-driven innovation is fundamentally transforming computing, enabling entirely new classes of internet services. For example, recent state-of-the-art lage models such as PaLM and Chinchilla herald a coming paradigm shift where ML services will augment human creativity. All indications are that we are still in the early stages of what will be the next qualitative step function in computing. Realizing this transformation will require democratized and affordable access through cloud computing where the best of compute, networking, storage, and ML can be brought to bear seamlessly on ever larger-scale problem domains.
Today’s release of MLPerf™ 2.0 results from the MLCommons® Association highlights the public availability of the most powerful and efficient ML infrastructure anywhere. Google’s TPU v4 ML supercomputers set performance records on five benchmarks, with an average speedup of 1.42x over the next fastest non-Google submission, and 1.5x vs our MLPerf 1.0 submission. Even more compelling — four of these record runs were conducted on the publicly available Google Cloud ML hub that we announced at Google I/O. ML Hub runs out of our Oklahoma data center, which uses over 90% carbon-free energy.
Let’s take a closer look at the results.

Performance at scale…and in the public cloud
Our 2.0 submissions1, all running on TensorFlow, demonstrated leading performance across all five benchmarks. We scaled two of our submissions to run on full TPU v4 Pods. Each Cloud TPU v4 Pod consists of 4096 chips connected together via an ultra-fast interconnect network with an industry-leading 6 terabits per second (Tbps) of bandwidth per host, enabling rapid training for the largest models.
Hardware aside, these benchmark results were made possible in no small part by our work to improve the TPU software stack. Scalability and performance optimizations in the TPU compiler and runtime, including faster embedding lookups and improved model weight distribution across the TPU pod, enabled much of these improvements, and are now widely available to TPU users. For example, we made a number of performance improvements to the virtualization stack to fully utilize the compute power of both CPU hosts and TPU chips to achieve peak performance on image and recommendation models. These optimizations reflect lessons from Google’s cutting-edge internal ML use cases across Search, YouTube, and more. We are excited to bring the benefits of this work to all Google Cloud users as well.

Translating MLPerf wins to customer wins
Cloud TPU’s industry-leading performance at scale also translates to cost savings for customers. Based on our analysis summarized in Figure 3, Cloud TPUs on Google Cloud provide ~35-50% savings vs A100 on Microsoft Azure (see Figure 3). We employed the following methodology to calculate this result:2
We compared the end-to-end times of the largest-scale MLPerf submissions, namely ResNet and BERT, from Google and NVIDIA. These submissions make use of a similar number of chips — upwards of 4000 TPU and GPU chips. Since performance does not scale linearly with chip count, we compared two submissions with roughly the same number of chips.
To simplify the 4216-chip A100 comparison for ResNet vs our 4096-chip TPU submission, we made an assumption in favor of GPUs that 4096 A100 chips would deliver the same performance as 4216 chips.
For pricing, we compared our publicly available Cloud TPU v4 on-demand prices ($3.22 per chip-hour) to Azure’s on-demand prices for A1003 ($4.1 per chip-hour). This once again favors the A100s since we assume zero virtualization overhead in moving from on-prem (NVIDIA’s results) to Azure Cloud.
The savings are especially meaningful given that real-world models such as GPT-3 and PaLM are much larger than the BERT and ResNet models used in the MLPerf benchmark: PaLM is a 540 billion parameter model, while the BERT model used in the MLPerf benchmark has only 340 million parameters — a 1000x difference in scale. Based on our experience, the benefits of TPUs will grow significantly with scale and make the case all the more compelling for training on Cloud TPU v4.

Have your cake and eat it too — a continued focus on sustainability
Performance at scale must take environmental concerns as a primary constraint and optimization target. The Cloud TPU v4 pods powering our MLPerf results run with 90% carbon-free energy and a Power Usage Efficiency of 1.10, meaning that less than 10% of the power delivered to the data center is lost through conversion, heat, or other sources of inefficiency. The TPU v4 chip delivers 3x the peak FLOPs per watt relative to the v3 generation. This combination of carbon-free energy and extraordinary power delivery and computation efficiency makes Cloud TPUs among the most efficient in the world.4
Making the switch to Cloud TPUs
There has never been a better time for customers to adopt Cloud TPUs. Significant performance and cost savings at scale as well as a deep-rooted focus on sustainability are why customers such as Cohere, LG AI Research, Innersight Labs, and Allen Institute have made the switch. If you are ready to begin using Cloud TPUs for your workloads, please fill out this form. We are excited to partner with ML practitioners around the world to further accelerate the incredible rate of ML breakthroughs and innovation with Google Cloud’s TPU offerings.
1. MLPerf™ v2.0 Training Closed. Retrieved from https://mlcommons.org/en/training-normal-20/ 29 June 2022, results 2.0-2010, 2.0-2012, 2.0-2098, 2.0-2099, 2.0-2103, 2.0-2106, 2.0-2107, 2.0-2120. The MLPerf name and logo are trademarks of MLCommons Association in the United States and other countries. All rights reserved. Unauthorized use is strictly prohibited. See www.mlcommons.org for more information.
2. MLPerf v1.0 and v2.0 Training Closed. Retrieved from https://mlcommons.org/en/training-normal-20/ 29 June 2022, results 1.0-1088, 1.0-1090, 1.0-1092, 2.0-2010, 2.0-2012, 2.0-2120.
3. ND96amsr A100 v4 Azure VMs, powered by eight 80 GB NVIDIA Ampere A100 GPUs (Azure’s flagship Deep Learning and Tightly Coupled HPC GPU offering with CentOS or Ubuntu Linux) is used for this benchmarking
4. Cost to train is not an official MLPerf metric and is not verified by MLCommons Association. Azure performance is a favorable estimate as described in the text, not an MLPerf result. Computations are based on results from MLPerf v2.0 Training Closed. Retrieved from https://mlcommons.org/en/training-normal-20/ 29 June 2022, results 2.0-2012, 2.0-2106, 2.0-2107.
Beany’s Cloud-Based Accounting Solutions Transform Small Business Finance

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Many people start a small business that aligns with their passions, but soon discover the day-to-day running of a business is very different than anticipated. Dealing with accounting, finance, and other daily activities can quickly overwhelm even the most promising of new businesses.
Recognizing the unique challenges facing small businesses, we founded Beany. With our personalized accounting platform, small business owners can relax knowing that we will look after all their compliance and advisory needs. Business owners who use Beany also benefit because they end up freeing more time to focus on what they enjoy and do best—likely the main reasons they started their business in the first place. We prepare financial statements, minimize tax and keep an eye that our clients are paying the right amount at the right time. We also advise on business purchase and sale, valuations and forecasting for banks. In fact, we do everything that a business owner needs from their accountant, including a help desk filled with domain experts to provide free & unlimited advice and support.
As we expand our team, we’ll continue to introduce new solutions, services, and integrations that make it even easier for small businesses to prioritize business planning, balance budgets, and keep up with ever-changing tax laws. We also plan to launch Beany in new markets and extend our global footprint beyond New Zealand, Australia, and the UK.
Migrating and scaling Beany
Beany was initially developed and hosted on a virtual private server (VPS) with limited capabilities. As our subscriber base grew, we realized we needed a more scalable, secure solution to eliminate downtime and deliver a reliable customer experience. We also understood it would be challenging for our small engineering team to cost-effectively test and deploy new features without a more agile development environment.
With that in mind, we chose the secure-by-design infrastructure of Google Cloud to power Beany and help us scale our innovative accounting platform. We now use Compute Engine to cost-effectively create virtual machines (VMs) that automatically select optimal amounts of processing and memory.
In addition, we encrypt, store, and archive everything on highly secure Cloud Storage, leveraging a combination of solid-state drives (SSDs) and hard disk drives (HDDs) for hot, nearline, and coldline data. With Cloud Storage, we can replicate data between regions in under 15 minutes to enable rapid recovery and business continuity. This has been really useful moving images to data centers on the other side of the planet quickly as we primarily operate out of Sydney and London.
We also connect, create, and collaborate on Google Workspace using Google Gmail, Docs, Calendar, and Meet. Beany smoothly integrates with Google Sheets to provide live reporting from our application direct to our sales, marketing and support staff. It also makes sharing account data with our accounting clients easy and secure.
Analyzing financial data with Google Cloud AI and machine learning
Joining the Google for Startups Cloud Program gave us immediate access to Google Cloud credits which we use to cost-effectively trial and deploy additional Google Cloud solutions. We continue to evaluate Cloud Code which will help our developers more efficiently create, deploy, and integrate applications directly on Google Cloud. We’re also exploring how Google Cloud AI and machine learning products such as Vertex AI and AutoML can further revolutionize accounting with advanced financial analyses and end-to-end automation of business processes.
We can’t wait to see what we accomplish next as we grow our team and introduce new services and solutions that enable small businesses to streamline operations, lower costs, and increase profits. It’s exciting to help small business owners manage accounting and financial planning so they can spend more time doing what they love and realize their business vision.

Beany team members
If you want to learn more about how Google Cloud can help your startup, visit our page here to get more information about our program, and sign up for our communications to get a look at our community activities, digital events, special offers, and more.
The Real Drivers of Efficiency, Growth, and Customer Experience

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The increasing adoption of technologies like connected devices, augmented reality, and machine learning has changed the way we shop, and retailers are evolving how they do business to meet the needs of their customers.
Retailers say it’s no longer enough to keep pace with shoppers’ growing expectations—they must get ahead of them. That’s why more and more are turning to the cloud. They’re using it to eliminate data silos and take advantage of cloud-based analytics. They’re tapping into machine learning to improve all aspects of the value chain. And they’re making use of reliable and secure cloud infrastructure to scale their businesses.
Although every retail customer is different, many of them share similar objectives. Here are three major ways retailers take advantage of the cloud.
Storing and Analyzing Data in the Cloud
Data presents both a challenge and an opportunity for retailers. Which is why Ulta Beauty, the largest beauty retailer in the US, is moving to Google Cloud Platform (GCP). Now, with the help of BigQuery, Ulta Beauty will be able to more efficiently predict and analyze outcomes and develop more meaningful data insights that can be leveraged to deliver a more personalized, relevant guest journey.
They are not alone. DSW has also chosen to use GCP to help relaunch their DSW VIP loyalty program for the first time in over 10 years. With more than 90% of transactions running through their loyalty program, DSW needed a flexible and scalable solution to deliver a real-time loyalty program for 26 million active members. They’ve already seen a 9% uptick in new customers and have improved their already strong retention rate.
Improving Customer Experiences with AI and Machine Learning
Once retailers are able to access these insights, they are turning to AI to help personalize the overall shopping experience. At first, retail companies leveraged AI tools such as machine learning for product recommendations.
Now, more retailers use AI to forecast trends, predict inventory needs and prevent
Just look at METRO AG, one of the largest B2B wholesalers globally. They’re using AI and machine learning to better serve their customers. For example, many of their customers are restaurant owners. With Google Cloud AI capabilities, they can create tools that identify when a restaurant is out of a particular ingredient and automatically order more.
Ocado is another great example. The world’s largest online-only grocery retailer drove a 3.5% increase in contact center efficiency by using Google Cloud machine learning technology to respond to customer emails four times faster.
To help businesses further accelerate their AI solutions, Google has developed the Advanced Solutions Lab (ASL), which gives businesses the opportunity to work side-by-side with Google’s AI and ML experts to solve high impact challenges.
Fast Retailing, the Japanese retailer behind Uniqlo, is working with Google Cloud and ASL to help them better analyze customer data to forecast demand and deeply understand what their customers want.
Carrefour, one of the world’s leading retailers, also announced last year that its engineers will be working side-by-side with our AI experts to co-create new consumer experiences. This is in addition to deploying G Suite to their employees to support the company’s digital transformation.
Scaling Infrastructure to Meet Demand
Of course, none of this innovation is possible without a reliable infrastructure that can scale instantly to meet surges in traffic.
And many have found the reliability and security they need with the cloud. That’s why global cosmetics brand Lush chose Google Cloud. They migrated their e-commerce platform to GCP to handle increased traffic without compromising stability.
This move that ultimately reduced infrastructure hosting costs by 40 percent.
L.L.Bean also modernized its IT infrastructure by moving capabilities from its on-premises systems to GCP, improving customer satisfaction and IT efficiency across multiple sales channels.
Harnessing the Power of Data and AI to Transform Life Science Supply Chains

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Global life science supply chains are lengthy and complex with many moving parts. One small disruption can create serious delays and affect your ability to deliver therapeutics for patients.
Supply chain disruptors
Over the last few years, healthcare organizations have encountered a range of obstacles, from both internal and external factors, that have resulted in supply networks failing to get drugs and medical devices to where they need to be on time. These obstacles include:
- Labor and supply shortages
- Rising material costs
- Raw material constraints
- Geo-political events
- Unpredictable weather
How do you overcome supply chain disruptors that are out of your control?
The intelligent healthcare supply chain
While many organizations have already implemented data-driven supply chains, organizations are still faced with the challenges of static, siloed, and different functional supply chain applications; limited data exchange with key trading partners across upstream and downstream operations; and the inability to effectively leverage relevant external data.
At Google Cloud, we believe the key to meaningful and effective change is a data-driven supply chain that allows you to achieve visibility, flexibility, and innovation.
Our solutions help you prepare for the unpredictable and enhance the value of your data. By unlocking AI-driven insights, you can strengthen distribution networks and optimize your workflows and supply chains to become more reliable, intelligent, and sustainable. Some of the business challenges we address include:
- Predicting demand with Vertex AI Forecast
- Visual inspection for quality and predictive maintenance with pre-built ML models
- Automating and optimizing pickup and delivery operations with Cloud Fleet Routing API
- Real time and holistic inventory visibility with Supply Chain Twin
Make sure you’re prepared for the unpredictable with real-time visibility over your distribution networks. Learn how you can harness the power of AI and analytics and gain actionable insights that enhance your supply chain.
Smooth AI Adoption for Companies involves Three Principled Phases!

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Business leaders see much in Artificial Intelligence, including new ways to save money, serve customers, and figure out what to build. What’s often tougher is deciding how to engage. That’s understandable, since getting into AI often raises questions about costs, data integrity, project length, and similar issues of planning and execution.
For CIOs concerned with the deployment and use of IT at their companies, these are critical issues. Here is one way to think about this complexity, by breaking it down into three different areas; Early Automation, Learning and working, and System Views.
First, a bit of good news and myth dispelling for readers who think AI is some far off promise, still in the labs and not safe for work. The reality is that AI is very much here, and almost everyone in your workplace is using it every day. People work with AI when they use Google Search, Photos, the autocomplete feature in Docs, live translation in Pixel phones, and many other areas. It is in the products of many other companies too.
“IDC reports that the market for AI software, hardware and services is expected to break the $500 billion mark in 2023.”
Additionally, it’s increasingly clear that AI can be adapted as a virtuous process, not just a one-off purchase (though there is much to recommend that.) During a recent Alphabet earnings call, CEO Sundar Pichai noted that “investments in AI will be key” to its near-term strategy, with new techniques that make it faster and easier to train and build AI for a number of uses. Additionally, the company is offering AI-driven “insights, new tools, and automation” to its advertising clients. The striking thing in this was the way that developing AI in one area could lead to growth in many others.
So, how does an IT leader foster a growth process like this for their stakeholders? By leading people through the well-established stages of Awareness, Learning, and Extension. Here’s what I mean.
Awareness: Early Automation
Consumer-facing AI is particularly strong in communications functions like voice recognition, translation, and writing tips. It’s similar in business uses: One of the most effective early instances of AI in the workplace has been Contact Center AI (CCAI), which manages basic customer communications, automatically answering common questions and prioritizing calls that require human assistance. It is doing what automation has always done best, automating the rote stuff and leaving the higher-value imaginative activity to people. It has been used by governments, retailers, telecommunications companies, and others, in a wide variety of use cases.
These and similar language-centric products, like DocAI for extracting information from things like invoices, receipts, or AI that extracts information from business contracts, have a number of benefits. For one, the investment is relatively easy to control, unlike with a research project leading to a formal launch. The payoff is also clearer. In the case of contact centers, in particular, the automation relieves stress, wins loyalty and slows disaffection in a high-turnover area. In both cases, successful results build allies in the business, who can testify to the earlier benefits when it’s time to take on something more complex.
Perhaps best of all, creating interest in basic AI services for business, right now, means people become engaged in learning more, since they see the early benefits and wonder what else might be done.
Learning: The Human Factor
The Natural Language Processing (NLP) that goes into these ready made, “out of the box” AI products can, not surprisingly, be used on much more sophisticated levels. Twitter, for example, processes 400 billion different events in real time, and its staff queries this trove using advanced NLP, answering questions and improving customer experiences.
There is clearly an enormous gap between Call Center AI and processing Twitter’s 400 billion events per day, but it’s not noticed enough how quickly that gap is closing. Look at how many products, partners, and training resources have emerged in the past few years. The gap makes sense, insofar as both the means of AI (like large data sets, good algorithms, and sufficient computing) and the value of AI, are new.
Increasingly, as AI is incorporated into standard enterprise tools like spreadsheets and analytic tools, easier to use AI becomes a skill within reach for many (even as the advanced end becomes more complex, meaning this ease of use process will continue for some time.)
It’s so new that AI skills demand isn’t met by conventional education means, creating lots of good opportunities for both nonstandard skills training, and in-house learning in the workforce. Companies offering AI skills training could well gain a competitive advantage and retain staff better.
Extension: Building System Views
When a new technology lands and gains in popularity, people seek to find new uses for it, or build connections among its different uses. Networked computing is one example, but think also of the way cars were soon followed by trucks and fire engines, or the way the data services on wireless phones soon morphed into the App Economy. If something is useful, people look for ways to grow it.
How will AI grow? My colleague Dominik Wee recently wrote about ways that AI will soon change supply chains, change product design, and improve sustainability. Most interestingly, he talked about how customers in manufacturing were realizing savings and gaining insights when once separate quality control data was combined with system wide views of the quality process.
There are several reasons to think AI will promote many such system views. For one thing, successful AI promotes the collection of data from more places, at greater frequency, since that leads to insight (and the cost of data collection is dropping.) Additionally, AI is good at spotting patterns and interactions that are not currently known. As well, AI is used in prediction and scenario planning, which leads to better understanding of how large-scale systems interact.
This comes at a time when we have more ways of seeing the world, from satellites, sensors, social media, and much more. We have more awareness of interactions, and a demand to understand them, in everything from the supply chain crisis, to human rights and sourcing regulations, or in the business realities of partnering, and serving customers in all sorts of ways, online and in the physical world.
Whether by coincidence or design, the Age of AI is also an age when organizations see themselves more accurately with a rich web of connections, with their choices and actions having more resonance than ever. That awareness is both a competitive tool, and a call to greater responsibility, potentially affording more customer loyalty and a more satisfied workforce for those who get it right.
That transformation won’t happen everywhere overnight, but it seems to be happening at all sorts of companies. And the trend for AI to assist, to be studied and grown, and to provide a richer understanding of the world, is happening every time someone touches this technology, at whatever level they need.
How Notified Managed to Boost AI-driven, Dynamic Influencer Discovery and Classify its Content Using NLP

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Notified is a leading communications cloud for events, public relations, and investor relations to drive meaningful insights and outcomes. They provide communications solutions to effectively reach and engage customers, investors, employees, and the media.
One of Notified’s Public Relations solutions is the ‘Media Contact Database’ that allows customers to discover media and influencers in a unique media database powered by AI and human-curated research.
The goal of the initiative is to expand the scope of the AI driven, dynamically discovered influencers, and analyze online news articles using AI/ML technologies to extract entities and classify content. The prior process to extract insights from news articles provided only 30-40% of the desired results, and there were accuracy and stability issues that resulted in a lot of manual intervention.
Journalist Beat
A key outcome of the AI driven process is to identify the ‘Journalist Beat’. A Journalist Beat essentially summarizes the individual’s area of focus such as a sports writer, financial journalist etc.
Three options were evaluated for the AI/ML process to generate the Journalist Beats :
Option 1: Topic ML
Unsupervised ML approach to determine the commonly used terms.
- Pro: Common approach to grouping documents and determine similar text
- Con: Unbounded list of text
Option 2: ML Classification
Build classification models (supervised) to map reference articles to ‘Beats’
- Pro: Aligns to ‘Research Analytics’ existing processes
- Con: Time to build and maintain ML models for hundreds of beats.
Option 3: GCP Context Classification
Leverage GCP’s Natural Language API for initial classification and as input to Notified single model
- Pro: Aligns to ‘Research Analytics’ without building ML models.
Ultimately the GCP Natural Language API solution was chosen because of the speed of execution and a high level of accuracy with the pretrained models. The Notified team was able to launch the product feature within a few weeks, without ever needing to do extensive data collection and train the models.
Here is the high level process that was implemented for Journalist Beats.

Since Notified supports curated media contacts globally, news articles were instantly translated to English using GCP Translation API. GCP Natural Language API’s solution to classify text was used to analyze the translated text and generate the list of content categories.
Solution Architecture
Here is a sample solution architecture for the ‘Discovered Journalist’ process.

Three core principles guided the above architecture – Serverless & Fully Managed, Scalability & Elasticity for flexibility and to optimize costs, API led real-time processing.
In addition to the GCP Natural Language API and Translation API below are a few serverless GCP products that were part of the automated solution:
- BigQuery is Google Cloud’s fully managed, petabyte-scale, and cost-effective analytics data warehouse that lets you run analytics over vast amounts of data in near real time.
- Cloud Run is a fully managed serverless platform that can be used to develop and deploy highly scalable containerized applications.
- Cloud Tasks is a fully managed service that allows you to manage the execution, dispatch, and delivery of a large number of distributed tasks.
The powerful pre-trained models of the Natural Language API provide a comprehensive set of features to apply natural language understanding to applications such as sentiment analysis, entity analysis, entity sentiment analysis, content classification, and syntax analysis.
Notified looks ahead to super-scaling
In an effort to even further improve its best in class ‘Media Contact Database’, Notified looks to super scale the above AI driven Influencer Discovery process to the order of 100+ million news articles per month. It plans to expand the scope of entities extracted from the news articles and provide a news exploration service for its customers by performing intelligent entity-based searches.To watch your markets evolve, see how competitors add AI insights. To actually stay in the market, make AI the main driver of your product road maps. GCP Natural Language API accelerated our ability to adopt AI at scale.
Thomas Squeo, CTO, Notified
Acknowledgments
We’d like to thank our collaborators at Google and Notified for making this blog post possible. Thanks to Arpit Agrawal at MediaAgility for contributing to this blog post.
To learn more about how Google Cloud Natural Language AI can help your enterprise, try out an interactive demo and take the next step, visit the product overview page here.
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