FAQs: Everything Your Need to Know About Cloud Computing - Build What's Next
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FAQs: Everything Your Need to Know About Cloud Computing

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Cloud computing is an ever-expanding subject as experts introduce and adopt newer approaches and technologies that broaden its scope. From containers, Kubernetes, microservice architecture, to app modernization enrich your know-how on Google Cloud Platform.

There are a number of terms and concepts in cloud computing, and not everyone is familiar with all of them. To help, we’ve put together a list of common questions, and the meanings of a few of those acronyms. You can find all these, and many more, in our learning resources.

What are containers?

Containers are packages of software that contain all of the necessary elements to run in any environment. In this way, containers virtualize the operating system and run anywhere, from a private data center to the public cloud or even on a developer’s personal laptop. Containerization allows development teams to move fast, deploy software efficiently, and operate at an unprecedented scale. Read more.

Containers vs. VMs: What’s the difference?

You might already be familiar with VMs: a guest operating system such as Linux or Windows runs on top of a host operating system with access to the underlying hardware. Containers are often compared to virtual machines (VMs). Like virtual machines, containers allow you to package your application together with libraries and other dependencies, providing isolated environments for running your software services. However, the similarities end here as containers offer a far more lightweight unit for developers and IT Ops teams to work with, carrying a myriad of benefits. Containers are much more lightweight than VMs, virtualize at the OS level while VMs virtualize at the hardware level, and share the OS kernel and use a fraction of the memory VMs require. Read more.

What is Kubernetes?

With the widespread adoption of containers among organizations, Kubernetes, the container-centric management software, has become the de facto standard to deploy and operate containerized applications. Google Cloud is the birthplace of Kubernetes—originally developed at Google and released as open source in 2014. Kubernetes builds on 15 years of running Google’s containerized workloads and the valuable contributions from the open source community. Inspired by Google’s internal cluster management system, Borg, Kubernetes makes everything associated with deploying and managing your application easier. Providing automated container orchestration, Kubernetes improves your reliability and reduces the time and resources attributed to daily operations. Read more.

What is microservices architecture?

Microservices architecture (often shortened to microservices) refers to an architectural style for developing applications. Microservices allow a large application to be separated into smaller independent parts, with each part having its own realm of responsibility. To serve a single user request, a microservices-based application can call on many internal microservices to compose its response. Containers are a well-suited microservices architecture example, since they let you focus on developing the services without worrying about the dependencies. Modern cloud-native applications are usually built as microservices using containers. Read more.

What is ETL?

ETL stands for extract, transform, and load and is a traditionally accepted way for organizations to combine data from multiple systems into a single database, data store, data warehouse, or data lake. ETL can be used to store legacy data, or—as is more typical today—aggregate data to analyze and drive business decisions. Organizations have been using ETL for decades. But what’s new is that both the sources of data, as well as the target databases, are now moving to the cloud. Additionally, we’re seeing the emergence of streaming ETL pipelines, which are now unified alongside batch pipelines—that is, pipelines handling continuous streams of data in real time versus data handled in aggregate batches. Some enterprises run continuous streaming processes with batch backfill or reprocessing pipelines woven into the mix. Read more.

What is a data lake?

A data lake is a centralized repository designed to store, process, and secure large amounts of structured, semistructured, and unstructured data. It can store data in its native format and process any variety of it, ignoring size limits. Read more.

What is a data warehouse?

Data-driven companies require robust solutions for managing and analyzing large quantities of data across their organizations. These systems must be scalable, reliable, and secure enough for regulated industries, as well as flexible enough to support a wide variety of data types and use cases. The requirements go way beyond the capabilities of any traditional database. That’s where the data warehouse comes in. A data warehouse is an enterprise system used for the analysis and reporting of structured and semi-structured data from multiple sources, such as point-of-sale transactions, marketing automation, customer relationship management, and more. A data warehouse is suited for ad hoc analysis as well custom reporting and can store both current and historical data in one place. It is designed to give a long-range view of data over time, making it a primary component of business intelligence. Read more.

What is streaming analytics?

Streaming analytics is the processing and analyzing of data records continuously rather than in batches. Generally, streaming analytics is useful for the types of data sources that send data in small sizes (often in kilobytes) in a continuous flow as the data is generated. Read more.

What is machine learning (ML)?

Today’s enterprises are bombarded with data. To drive better business decisions, they have to make sense of it. But the sheer volume coupled with complexity makes data difficult to analyze using traditional tools. Building, testing, iterating, and deploying analytical models for identifying patterns and insights in data eats up employees’ time. Then after being deployed, such models also have to be monitored and continually adjusted as the market situation or the data itself changes. Machine learning is the solution. Machine learning allows businesses to enable the data to teach the system how to solve the problem at hand with machine learning algorithms—and how to get better over time. Read more.

What is natural language processing (NLP)?

Natural language processing (NLP) uses machine learning to reveal the structure and meaning of text. With natural language processing applications, organizations can analyze text and extract information about people, places, and events to better understand social media sentiment and customer conversations. Read more.

Learn more

This is just a sampling of frequently asked questions about cloud computing. To learn more, visit our resources page at cloud.google.com/learn.

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Case Study

HSBC Looks to Google Cloud to Transform Banking

HSBC, a global bank that is a central part of global commerce with a presence in 67 countries, serving 38 million customers ranging from individuals to small businesses to corporations and governments, and having over $2.5 trillion assets in its balance sheet, had a vision of being a cloud first company and wanted to transform the banking experience for its customers.

The bank wanted to glean valuable insights from its huge data asset of about 100 petabytes and wanted to use those insights to manage its business better. What it needed was a managed service with elastic capability so that HSBC can focus on the data science and management, which enables better customer experience.

For many years HSBC had, like most large corporations, tried to build its own data centers, provision the infrastructure, and run it. However, to realize its ambition of focussing on customer experience, the bank decided to partner with Google Cloud.

However, the journey wasn’t an easy one. Being a globally systemically important financial institution, it had to convince regulators across the world that moving customer data to the cloud is a good thing. Towards that end, it formed a joint team to work through all the challenges and created a cloud framework for banking describing the controls needed.

The results have been quite stunning. Able to calculate the global liquidity for a country in minutes rather than hours, run better financial crime analytics with speeds that are 10 times faster with a higher level of precision and accuracy have been some of the benefits that the bank has derived.

See how HSBC and Google Cloud are bringing a new level of security, compliance and governance capabilities to one of the world’s leading banking institutions.

Research Reports

Scope for Tech Adoption and Advancements in Healthcare are Still High: Google Cloud Research

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The COVID-19 pandemic digitally accelerated the healthcare industry leading to a multitude of breakthroughs that alleviate physical burnouts and improve interoperability. But, research insights reveal the industry still lags behind in tech adoption.

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, there’s been a rapid acceleration of digital transformation across the entire healthcare industry. Telehealth has become a more mainstream and safe way for patients and caregivers to connect. Machine learning modeling has helped speed up innovation and drug discovery. And new levels of integration and data portability have helped enable greater vaccine availability and equitable access to those who need it.

Data has been at the crux of this digital transformation — helping people stay healthy, accelerating life sciences research and delivering more personalized and equitable care. We recently unveiled partial results from our research with The Harris Poll, which revealed that nearly all physicians (95%) believe increased data interoperability will ultimately help improve patient outcomes. Today, we’re unveiling the second part of that research. 

In February 2020, we commissioned The Harris Poll to survey 300 physicians in the U.S. about their biggest pain points — this was just before the COVID-19 pandemic strained the entire healthcare system and made us all hyper-aware of the risks we take in going to the hospital. In June 2021, we followed-up with those same questions and more. What it unveiled was just how much COVID-19 reshaped technology’s role in the healthcare field and how it’s changing day-to-day operations for physicians. 

Here are some of the highlights: 

Healthcare organizations accelerated technological upgrades over the course of the pandemic. After a year shaped primarily by the COVID-19 pandemic, use of telehealth saw substantial YOY growth, jumping nearly threefold from 32% in February 2020 to 90% this year. Forty-five percent of physicians say the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the pace of their organization’s adoption of technology. In fact, more than 3 in 5 physicians (62%) say the pandemic has forced their healthcare organization to make technology upgrades that normally would have taken years. For example, 48% of physicians would like to have access to telehealth capabilities in the next five years. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, about half of physicians (53%) say their healthcare organization’s approach to the adoption of technology would best be described as “neutral” (i.e., willing to try new technologies only if they have been in the market for awhile or others have tried and recommended them). 

Despite the technological leaps this year, most physicians still believe the industry lags behind in technology adoption but recognize the opportunity for technological support and advancement. The majority of physicians don’t view the healthcare industry as a leader when it comes to digital adoption. More than half of physicians describe the healthcare industry as lagging behind the gaming (64%), telecommunications (56%), and financial services industries (53%). However, the healthcare industry is not seen to be trailing as much as it was last year behind retail (54% in 2020; 44% in 2021); hospitality and travel (53% in 2020; 43% in 2021); and the public sector (39% in 2020; 26% in 2021). 

Better interoperability alleviates physician burnout, improves health outcomes and speeds up diagnoses. The majority of physicians say increased data interoperability will cut the time to diagnosis for patients significantly (86%) and will ultimately help improve patient outcomes (95%.) In addition to better patient experiences and outcomes, more than half of physicians (54%) believe increased access to data via technology has had a positive impact on their healthcare organization overall. A majority believe that technology can alleviate the likelihood of physician “burn-out” (57%) and that efficient tools help decrease friction and stress (84%). And, as a result, 6 in 10 physicians say access to better technology and clinical data systems would allow them to have better work/life balance (60%) and that better access to/more complete patient data would reduce administrative burdens (61%). It is therefore not surprising that nearly 9 in 10 physicians (89%) say they are increasingly looking for ways to bring together all patient data into a single place for a more complete view of health. 

Familiarity with new Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) interoperability rules grows, and many physicians are in favor. Most physicians (74%) say they have at least heard of the new DHHS rules (launched in 2019) to improve the interoperability of electronic health information. This is a clear rise from 2020 (64%), but deeper knowledge is fairly low. Only 30% of physicians say they are somewhat or very familiar with the new rules (though, again, this is a rise from 2020, when only 18% said they were very/somewhat familiar). Similar to in 2020, among those who have heard of the new rules, nearly half are in favor (48% in 2021; 45% in 2020) but a similar proportion remain unsure (46% in 2021; 50% in 2020). And like in 2020, by far the top potential benefit of the rules is thought to be forcing EHRs to be more interoperable with other systems (70%).

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Google was founded on the idea that bringing more information to more people improves lives on a vast scale. In healthcare, that means creating tools and solutions that make data available in real time to help streamline operations and improve quality of care and patient outcomes. For example, our recently announced Healthcare Data Engine makes it easier for healthcare and life sciences leaders to make smart real-time decisions through clinical, operational, & groundbreaking scientific insights. To find out more about the Healthcare Data Engine, click here.


Survey methodology: The 2021 survey was conducted online within the United States by The Harris Poll on behalf of Google Cloud from June 9 – 29, 2021 among 303 physicians who specialize in Family Practice, General Practice, or Internal Medicine, who treat patients, and are duly licensed in the state they practice. The 2020 survey was conducted from February 18 – 25, 2020 among 300 physicians who specialize in Family Practice, General Practice, or Internal Medicine, who treat patients, and are duly licensed in the state they practice. Physicians practicing in Vermont were excluded from the research. This online survey is not based on a probability sample and therefore no estimate of theoretical sampling error can be calculated. For complete survey methodology, including weighting variables and subgroup sample sizes, please contact press@google.com.

Case Study

Sky News Looks to Google Cloud to Live Stream Election Results

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Sky News live streamed the results from 150 of the 650 constituency counts in the U.K. while competitors, who did not have live video from as many counts, had to wait for slower independent data services to report the results. Sky News also delivered all the live streams over the Internet via YouTube, providing a service that none of its competitors offered.

Sky News faced a unique set of technical challenges in order to stream video from the constituency counting stations to YouTube and for TV broadcast. For streams to be used on air and be made simultaneously live via YouTube, each stream needed to be delivered to both Youtube and the Sky News studios. The streams from the field could not simply be sent to a receive server in the Sky News studios, as would be done for a regular news live.

So the company turned to Google Compute Engine, because it could quickly and affordably create virtual servers to process all incoming data streams. Sky News didn’t have to set up physical servers and connections.

Blog

Google Invests 1 Billion Euros on Germany to Support Growing Businesses

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Google invests nearly one billion euros on Germany's digital infrastructure and sustainable cloud projects to support the growing demand from its businesses. The investments will secure the country's digital future and strengthen its tech innovation.

In September 2001, the first-ever German Google employee switched on their computer in Hamburg. Since then, we’ve grown to more than 2,500 employees in four offices across Germany. Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich have long been our home, and we continue to invest in the growth of the local economy.

Today, 20 years after the start of “Google Germany”, we are pleased to present one of our most important investment programs to date in this country. With the expansion of our Cloud Region in Frankfurt in a new Google-owned Hanau facility, a new Google Cloud region in Berlin-Brandenburg, and a broad investment plan in renewable energy, our commitment is clear: Google is investing in Germany’s potential and supporting the transition to a digital and sustainable economy. Between now (2021) and 2030, this investment in digital infrastructure and clean energy will total approximately 1 billion euros.

Expanding our Frankfurt cloud region to support growing demand from German businesses and organizations

In Hanau, only 20 kilometers from the DE-CIX Internet hub in Frankfurt, Google is proud to be nearing completion of an additional cloud facility that will be fully operational in 2022. This expansion of our existing Frankfurt Google Cloud region will serve the growing demand for Google Cloud services in Germany.

The 4-story building is ​​10,000 square meters and was sustainably constructed with energy efficient infrastructure and adherence to our circular economy model for waste. The symbolic handover of the keys from developer NDC-Garbe, together with local government officials, took place on site yesterday. 

A new cloud region in Berlin-Brandenburg

In addition to the Hanau expansion of our Google Cloud region in Frankfurt, we are pleased to announce that a new Google Cloud region will be located in Berlin-Brandenburg, further extending our ability to meet growing demand for cloud services in the country. When open, this will be our second Google Cloud region in Germany, providing enterprise customers with faster access to secure infrastructure, smart analytics tools and an open platform. Designed and dedicated to providing enterprise services and products for Google Cloud customers of all sizes and industries in Germany, the Berlin-Brandenburg region will have three zones to protect against service disruptions and join the existing network of 27 Google Cloud regions connected via our high-performance network. 

One of the cleanest clouds in the industry becomes even cleaner

Since 2017, Google has matched 100% of our global, annual electricity use with renewable energyLast year, we set out to run our business on carbon-free energy everywhere and at all times by 2030, enabling us to offer cloud customers one of the cleanest clouds in the industry, while helping Europe achieve its ambitious climate goals.

Today, we’re excited to announce that ENGIE Deutschland has been selected as Google’s carbon-free energy supplier in Germany. Under the terms of the agreement, ENGIE will assemble and develop, on Google’s behalf, a 140 megawatt (MW) carbon-free energy portfolio in Germany that has the ability to flex and grow with us as our needs change. This includes a new 39MW solar Photovoltaic system, and 22 wind parks in five federal states that will see their lives extended so they continue to produce electricity instead of being dismantled. This portfolio will ensure that the energy delivered to Google’s German facilities will be nearly 80% carbon-free by 2022 when measured on an hourly basis. This is a first but important step on Google’s journey to reach our goal of full electricity decarbonization by 2030. 

This is the first energy supply of its kind in Europe, with a focus on sourcing carbon-free energy for every hour of Google’s operations. Not only will this new agreement draw the roadmap for the industry and more 24/7 carbon-free energy contracts in Europe, but it provides our cloud customers with two more regions where they can lower their carbon footprint. And importantly, by working with our energy suppliers to transform how clean energy is delivered to customers, Google is supporting the broader decarbonization of the German electricity grid.

ENGIE Visualization.gif

What customers and partners are saying

As companies continue to grapple with changing customer demands, technology has played a critical role, and we’ve been fortunate to partner with and serve people, companies, and government institutions in Germany and around the world to help them adapt. The Google Cloud region in Berlin-Brandenburg and the expansion of our Google Cloud region in Hanau will help our customers — such as BMGDelivery Hero, and Deutsche Bank — adapt to new requirements, new opportunities and new ways of working. 

“We are very pleased about the symbolic handover of the keys to the building here in Hanau to Google Cloud,” said Hanau Mayor Claus Kaminsky. “With Google, we have a strong partner at our side who is supporting us in setting up Hanau’s economic future, both digitally and sustainably. The data center facility of Google Cloud embodies this transformation: We bring the cloud to us in Hanau and thus support the digital transformation of companies and public authorities. Not only in our city and Hesse, but throughout Germany and Europe. The new building meets high sustainability standards and the clean energy initiative presented today by Google is in line with our aspirations for sustainable digitalization.”

“Sustainability is a central pillar of Deutsche Bank’s strategy and we have made strong public commitments to be part of the solution,” said Bernd Leukert, Chief Technology, Data and Innovation Officer and Member of the Management Board at Deutsche Bank. “We welcome the new Google Cloud region in Germany, which will enable us to deliver additional resilience and performance for our German client base.”

Ralf Bernhard, Senior Originator Renewables, ENGIE, said: “ENGIE is excited to collaborate with Google based on a first-of-a-kind agreement which will support the company with its sustainability goals and ambitious carbon-free energy target. Thanks to our expertise in energy and risk management, we can seamlessly integrate renewable energy from existing plants and develop new assets to design a tailor made product that meets Google’s needs and plans to go even greener.”

20 years since Google first touched down in Germany, our commitment to helping Germany continue to lead in technical innovation is stronger than ever. We are excited to continue working with our partners in Hesse, Berlin and Brandenburg and across Germany to advance infrastructure and clean energy projects, help accelerate digital transformation, and secure a sustainable future for German and European companies and organizations.

Case Study

Three German Retail Firms Choose Google Cloud to Migrate SAP Workloads for Business Transformation

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Google Cloud transforms the future of business with digital transformation for three German retailers by migrating business-critical SAP systems to its highly scalable Cloud environment, reducing risk and downtime. Learn how.

The retail industry is rapidly evolving, with customers demanding exceptional digital experiences, and retailers adjusting their businesses to be more efficient. With many retailers relying on SAP for critical business functions like digital transactions, finance, supply chains and more, this shift has led them to look for ways to modernize these systems, deliver them on highly scalable infrastructure, and extract more value out of the data from within them.  

I’m proud that we are helping German retailers successfully migrate business-critical SAP systems onto Google Cloud, minimizing risk and downtime and ultimately helping them build a foundation for future growth. Our work with retailers like Otto Group, one of the world’s largest ecommerce businesses, MediaMarktSaturn, the large consumer electronics retailer, and METRO, the wholesale retailer with operations across Europe, demonstrates our deep partnership with SAP to support customers’ digital transformations.

Helping Otto Group IT run SAP on secure, sustainable infrastructure

Otto Group, a leading online-retailer and services group in Germany and one of the world’s largest ecommerce companies, migrated their SAP workloads to Google Cloud in order to modernize their SAP landscape and build a more agile environment that would enable them to quickly scale up or down according to business needs. 

The Otto Group, which consistently balances the sustainable use of resources and climate-neutral action with economic growth, is also able to leverage Google Cloud’s clean infrastructure to deliver the bulk of its internal SAP environment, ensuring the company’s business systems are running on secure, sustainable infrastructure. Since 2017, Google has matched 100% of its global electricity use with purchases of renewable energy every year, and is now building on that progress with a new goal of running entirely on carbon-free energy at all times by 2030. 

With Google Cloud, Otto Group has told us they have access to better means of automation and improved network capability compared to what they had with their previous provider. Through this cloud migration, Otto Group IT is providing modern and flexibly scalable SAP systems to their internal customers.

Powering MediaMarktSaturn’s online ecommerce experience 

For MediaMarktSaturn, SAP is critical to the smooth day-to-day running of its business, so the company was keen to ensure maximum availability and stability with a cloud environment. After a thorough examination of its business needs and hands-on support from Google Cloud’s teams, MediaMarktSaturn elected to migrate its SAP HANA database onto Google Cloud, enabling a performance increase of four times compared to its previous on-premises installations.

The SAP suite is critical for the ecommerce platform to run smoothly on a day-to-day basis. By migrating to Google Cloud, the retailer is providing even more support and maximum availability for its customers. With Google Cloud’s industry-specific expertise, MediaMarktSaturn’s customers have access to a reliable and stable ecommerce platform, so they can browse for products online from wherever they are. 

Transforming METRO’s business by running SAP workloads in the cloud 

With more than 97,000 employees in 34 countries, Germany’s METRO is one of the world’s largest B2B wholesalers. Previously, METRO relied on unique finance systems that were different in each country,  and updates or system testing required substantial coordination across numerous teams, which was both time-consuming and costly. 

To address these pain points, METRO is moving away from on premise deployments and is now migrating its SAP S/4HANA finance systems to Google Cloud to support everything from classical role-based accounting to the use of cognitive tools. Now, internal METRO teams can work seamlessly across operations, enhancing the services they provide to customers by addressing demands in real time. 

To read more about how SAP on Google Cloud drives agility, efficiency, and innovation for our customers, visit our solutions page here.

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