Over the last year, COVID-19 presented unforeseen challenges for practically every type of business and organization—including schools, colleges, and universities. For educational institutions, the pandemic was an unapologetic agent of acceleration, shifting one billion learners from in-person to online learning within two months. 

The rapid transition to online learning exposed many schools’ lack of readiness for the new online learning environment. It also widened the learning equity gap for students, with fewer than 40% of students from low-income families having access to the tools required for remote learning.

For those who do have online access, today’s students expect everything from engaging and collaborative digital learning experiences to skills-based training for their roles in the future workforce. Expectations are also high for 24×7 multi-channel tech support across all learning devices, applications, and platforms.  

In these remarkable times, education technology companies have an important role to play in supporting academic institutions and students. Indeed, this is already happening, as the EdTech (Educational Technology) market is nearly tripling, with total global expenditures expected to reach $404 billion by 2025. However, the success of these EdTech companies depends on their performance in a number of areas, including:

• Content and products: How quickly can they generate new content and react to learner needs with new products to additional markets for broader adoption?
• Personalization: How effectively can they leverage artificial intelligence (AI) to provide a personalized experience to all types of learners?
• Trust and security: How trusted and secure are their services when educational organizations are suffering the highest number of data breaches since 2005?

Here are a few examples of how EdTech companies are successfully using AI and analytics to capture this opportunity and transform their businesses:

• Build better products: iSchoolConnect is an online platform that lets students explore schools, courses, and countries where they might study, and makes higher education admissions accessible to students around the globe. The company leverages AI services to help educational institutions optimize their academic operations by accelerating admission processing by greater than 90%, while saving significant costs.
• Launch in new markets faster: Classroom creativity tools provider Book Creator uses AI APIs to enhance accessibility and improve the learner experience. “The broad suite of intelligent APIs enables us to deliver richer experiences, faster and more easily, without having to be experts in machine learning, drawing recognition, map embeds, or other areas,” says VP of engineering Thom Leggett.
• Scale businesses securely: Using DevOps and CDN [content delivery network] services, Chrome browser recording extension creator Screencastify was able to support eight times growth in users overnight amid the COVID-19 pandemic, while maintaining consistent total cost of ownership. These technologies helped the company rapidly scale operations in response to the overnight increase in demand from consumers and assure student data privacy and security on a budget. “We know this is just the beginning, as more educators rely on technology to deliver richer, more interactive curricula to students,” says CEO James Francis. 
• Provide personalized learning and support: Smart analytics and AI can provide personalized support and recommendations for students, forecast demand, and predict shifts in learners’ preferences. Online learning platform Mindvalley uses cloud-based tools to understand and make decisions based on user activity and leverage machine learning to predict behavior. 

Google Cloud is partnering with many of these leading EdTech companies, as well as industry-leading consortiums like Ed-Fi and Unizin, to standardize educational common data models and best practices for more agile and cost-effective integration of EdTech into existing environments.

The education landscape is changing rapidly, and EdTech has a major role to play as institutions adapt to the massive shift in learners’ preferences and expectations. We’re committed to empowering EdTech companies with the tools and services they need to help expand learning for everyone, anywhere. 

Watch our Spotlight session with EdTechX to learn more.

AI researchers and engineers need better data to enable better AI solutions. The quality of an AI solution is determined by both the learning algorithm (such as a deep-neural network model) and the datasets used to train and evaluate that algorithm. Historically, AI research has focused much more on algorithms than datasets, despite their vital importance. As a result, many algorithms are freely available as starting points, but many important problems lack large, high-quality open datasets. Further, creating new datasets is expensive and error-prone.

Recently, the data-centric AI movement has emerged, which aims to develop new methodologies and tools for constructing better datasets to fix this problem. Conferences, workshops,  challenges, and platforms are being launched to support improving data quality and to foster data excellence. Thought leaders such as Andrew Ng at Landing.AI and Chris Re at Stanford University are encouraging AI developers to focus more on iterative data engineering than they do tuning their learning algorithms. Our CHI-best-paper-award-winning paper, “Everyone wants to do the model work, not the data work” highlighted the significance of data quality in the practice of ML. 

At Google, we are excited to contribute to data-centric AI. Today, Google Cloud is adding a new high value dataset to the Public Dataset Program, and Google researchers are announcing DataPerf, a new multi-organizational effort to develop benchmarks for data quality and data centric algorithms.

Google Cloud is committed to helping users improve their data quality, starting with supporting better public data. The Public Datasets program provides high quality datasets pre-configured on GCP for easy access. Google Cloud is adding a new high-value dataset developed by the MLCommons™ Association (which Google co-founded) to the Public Datasets program: The Multilingual Spoken Words Corpus: a rich audio speech dataset with more than 340,000 keywords in 50 languages with upwards of 23.4 million examples.

This new public dataset is aligned with the MLCommons Association vision for “open” datasets – accessible by all – that are “living” – continually being improved to raise quality and increase representation and diversity.

Google researchers, in collaboration with multiple organizations, are announcing the DataPerf effort at the NeurIPS Data-Centric AI workshop today, to develop benchmarks to improve data quality. Much like the the MLPerf™ benchmarking effort which is now the industry standard for machine learning hardware/software speed, DataPerf brings together the originators of prior efforts including: CATS4ML, Data-Centric AI Competition, DCBench, Dynabench, and the MLPerf benchmarks to define clear metrics that catalyze rapid innovation. DataPerf will measure the utility of training and test data for common problems, and algorithms for working with datasets such as: selecting core sets, correcting errors, identifying under-optimized data slices, and valuing datasets prior to labeling.

Together, supporting open, living datasets for core ML tasks, and the development of benchmarks to direct the rapid evolution of those datasets will empower the researchers and engineers who use Google Cloud to do even more amazing things – and we can’t wait to see what they create!

Acknowledgements: In collaboration with Lora Aroyo and Praveen Paritosh.

Geospatial data is a critical component for a comprehensive analytics strategy. Whether you are trying to visualize data using geospatial parameters or do deeper analysis or modeling on customer distribution or proximity, most organizations have some type of geospatial data they would like to use – whether it be customer zipcodes, store locations, or shipping addresses. However, converting geographic data into the correct format for analysis and aggregation at different levels can be difficult. In this post, we’ll walk through some examples of how you can leverage the Google Cloud platform alongside Google Cloud Public Datasets to perform robust analytics on geographic data. The full queries can be accessed from this notebook here. 

Public US Geo Boundaries dataset

BigQuery hosts a slew of public datasets for you to access and integrate into your analytics. Google pays for the storage of these datasets and provides public access to the data via the bigquery-public-data project. You only pay for queries against the data. Plus, the first 1 TB per month is free! These public datasets are valuable on their own, but when joined against your own data they can unlock new analytics use cases and save the team a lot of time. 

Within the Google Cloud Public Datasets Program there are several geographic datasets. Here, we’ll work with the geo_us_boundaries dataset, which contains a set of tables that have the boundaries of different geospatial areas as polygons and coordinates based on the center point (GEOGRAPHY column type in BigQuery), published by the US Census Bureau.

Mapping geospatial points to hierarchical areas

Many times you will find yourself in situations where you have a string representing an address. However, most tools require lat/long coordinates to actually plot points. Using the Google Maps Geocoding API we can convert an address into a lat/long and then store the results in the BigQuery table. 

With a lat/long representation of our point, we can join our initial dataset back onto any of the tables here using the ST_WITHIN function. This allows us to check and see if a point is within the specified polygon. 

ST_WITHIN(geography_1, geography_2)

This can be helpful for ensuring standard nomenclature; for example, metropolitan areas that might be named differently. The query below maps each customers’ address to a given metropolitan area name.

  SELECT 
   cust.id as customer_id, 
   metro.name as metro_name 
FROM `looker-private-demo.retail.customers` as cust
,`bigquery-public-data.geo_us_boundaries.metropolitan_divisions` as metro
WHERE ST_WITHIN(ST_GEOGPOINT(cust.longitude, cust.latitude),metro.metdiv_geom)

It can also be useful for converting to designated market area (DMA), which is often used in creating targeted digital marketing campaigns.

  SELECT 
   cust.id as customer_id, 
   dma.dma_name 
FROM `looker-private-demo.retail.customers` as cust
,`bigquery-public-data.geo_us_boundaries.designated_market_area` as dma
WHERE ST_WITHIN(ST_GEOGPOINT(cust.longitude, cust.latitude),dma.dma_geom)

Or for filling in missing information; for example, some addresses may be missing zip code which results in incorrect calculations when aggregating up to the zipcode level. By joining onto the zip_codes table we can ensure all coordinates are mapped appropriately and aggregate up from there.

  SELECT 
   zip.zip_code, 
   count(distinct cust.id) as unique_customers
FROM `looker-private-demo.retail.customers` as cust
,`bigquery-public-data.geo_us_boundaries.zip_codes` as zip
WHERE ST_WITHIN(ST_GEOGPOINT(cust.longitude, cust.latitude),zip.zip_code_geom)
GROUP BY 1

Note that the zip code table isn’t a comprehensive list of all US zip codes, they are zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs). Details about the differences can be found here. Additionally, the zip code table gives us hierarchical information, which allows us to perform more meaningful analytics. One example is leveraging hierarchical drilling in Looker. I can aggregate my total sales up to the country level, and then drill down to state, city and zipcode to identify where sales are highest. You can also use the BigQuery GeoViz tool to visualize geospatial data!

Aside from simply checking if a point is within an area, we can also use ST_DISTANCE to do something like find the closest city using the centerpoint for the metropolitan area table. 

  SELECT 
cust.id as customer_id, 
ARRAY_AGG(
  metro.name order by ST_DISTANCE(
   ST_GEOGPOINT(cust.longitude, cust.latitude),
  metro.internal_point_geom) asc limit 1)[offset(0)] as metro_name
FROM
`looker-private-demo.retail.customers` as cust
,`bigquery-public-data.geo_us_boundaries.metropolitan_divisions` as metro
GROUP BY cust.id

This concept doesn’t just hold true for points, we can also leverage other GIS functions to see if a geospatial area is contained within areas that are listed in the boundaries datasets. If your data comes into BigQuery as a GeoJSON string, we can convert it to a GEOGRAPHY type using the ST_GEOGFROMGEOJSON function. Once our data is in a GEOGRAPHY type we can do things like check to see what urban area the geo is within – using either ST_WITHIN or ST_INTERSECTS to account for partial coverage. Here, I am using the customer’s zip code to find all metropolitan divisions where the zip code polygon and the metropolitan polygon intersect. I am then selecting the metropolitan area that has the most overlap (or the intersection has the largest area) to be the customer’s metro that we use for reporting.

  SELECT 
   cust.id as customer_id, 
   ARRAY_AGG(
      metro.name order by ST_AREA(
        ST_INTERSECTION(zip.zip_code_geom,metro.metdiv_geom)
      ) desc limit 1)[offset(0)] as metro_name  
FROM
`looker-private-demo.retail.customers` as cust
JOIN `bigquery-public-data.geo_us_boundaries.zip_codes` as zip on      cust.zip=zip.zip_code
,`bigquery-public-data.geo_us_boundaries.metropolitan_divisions` as metro
WHERE ST_INTERSECTS(zip.zip_code_geom,metro.metdiv_geom)
GROUP BY cust.id

The same ideas can be applied to the other tables in the dataset including the county, urban areas and National Weather Service forecast regions (which can also be useful if you want to join your datasets onto weather data).

Correcting for data discrepancy

One problem that we may run into when working with geospatial data is that different data sources may have different representations of the same information. For example, you might have one system that records state as a two letter abbreviation and another using the full name. Here, we can use the state table to join the different datasets.

  SELECT 
   st.state_name, 
   sum(ab.sales+fn.sales) as total_sales 
FROM `bigquery-public-data.geo_us_boundaries.states` as st
LEFT JOIN abbreviated_table as ab on ab.state = st.state
LEFT JOIN fullname_table as fn on fn.state = st.state_name
WHERE COALESCE(ab.state, fn.state) IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY 1

Another example might be using the tables as a source of truth for fuzzy matching. If the address is a manually entered field somewhere in your application, there is a good chance that things will be misspelled. Different representations of the same name may prevent tables from joining with each other or lead to duplicate entries when performing aggregations. Here, I use a simple Soundex algorithm to generate a code for each county name, using helper functions from this blog post. We can see that even though some are misspelled they have the same Soundex code.

Next, we can join back onto our counties table so we make sure to use the correct spelling of the county name. Then, we can simply aggregate our data for more accurate reporting. 

  SELECT
 c.county_name,
 sum(sales) as total_sales
FROM
 table
 JOIN `bigquery-public-data.geo_us_boundaries.counties` as c
 on testing.dq_fm_Soundex(table.county) = testing.dq_fm_Soundex(c.county_name)
WHERE c.state_fips_code = cast(36 as string)
GROUP BY 1

Note that fuzzy matching definitely isn’t perfect and you might need to try different methods or apply certain filters for it to work best depending on the specifics of your data.

The US Geo Boundary datasets allow you to perform meaningful geographic analysis without needing to worry about extracting, transforming or loading additional datasets into BigQuery. These datasets, along with all the other Google Cloud Public Datasets, will be available in the Analytics Hub. Please sign up for the Analytics Hub preview, which is scheduled to be available in the third quarter of 2021, by going to g.co/cloud/analytics-hub.