FAQs: Everything Your Need to Know About Cloud Computing

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There are a number of terms and concepts in cloud computing, and not everyone is familiar with all of them. To help, we’ve put together a list of common questions, and the meanings of a few of those acronyms. You can find all these, and many more, in our learning resources.
What are containers?
Containers are packages of software that contain all of the necessary elements to run in any environment. In this way, containers virtualize the operating system and run anywhere, from a private data center to the public cloud or even on a developer’s personal laptop. Containerization allows development teams to move fast, deploy software efficiently, and operate at an unprecedented scale. Read more.
Containers vs. VMs: What’s the difference?
You might already be familiar with VMs: a guest operating system such as Linux or Windows runs on top of a host operating system with access to the underlying hardware. Containers are often compared to virtual machines (VMs). Like virtual machines, containers allow you to package your application together with libraries and other dependencies, providing isolated environments for running your software services. However, the similarities end here as containers offer a far more lightweight unit for developers and IT Ops teams to work with, carrying a myriad of benefits. Containers are much more lightweight than VMs, virtualize at the OS level while VMs virtualize at the hardware level, and share the OS kernel and use a fraction of the memory VMs require. Read more.
What is Kubernetes?
With the widespread adoption of containers among organizations, Kubernetes, the container-centric management software, has become the de facto standard to deploy and operate containerized applications. Google Cloud is the birthplace of Kubernetes—originally developed at Google and released as open source in 2014. Kubernetes builds on 15 years of running Google’s containerized workloads and the valuable contributions from the open source community. Inspired by Google’s internal cluster management system, Borg, Kubernetes makes everything associated with deploying and managing your application easier. Providing automated container orchestration, Kubernetes improves your reliability and reduces the time and resources attributed to daily operations. Read more.
What is microservices architecture?
Microservices architecture (often shortened to microservices) refers to an architectural style for developing applications. Microservices allow a large application to be separated into smaller independent parts, with each part having its own realm of responsibility. To serve a single user request, a microservices-based application can call on many internal microservices to compose its response. Containers are a well-suited microservices architecture example, since they let you focus on developing the services without worrying about the dependencies. Modern cloud-native applications are usually built as microservices using containers. Read more.
What is ETL?
ETL stands for extract, transform, and load and is a traditionally accepted way for organizations to combine data from multiple systems into a single database, data store, data warehouse, or data lake. ETL can be used to store legacy data, or—as is more typical today—aggregate data to analyze and drive business decisions. Organizations have been using ETL for decades. But what’s new is that both the sources of data, as well as the target databases, are now moving to the cloud. Additionally, we’re seeing the emergence of streaming ETL pipelines, which are now unified alongside batch pipelines—that is, pipelines handling continuous streams of data in real time versus data handled in aggregate batches. Some enterprises run continuous streaming processes with batch backfill or reprocessing pipelines woven into the mix. Read more.
What is a data lake?
A data lake is a centralized repository designed to store, process, and secure large amounts of structured, semistructured, and unstructured data. It can store data in its native format and process any variety of it, ignoring size limits. Read more.
What is a data warehouse?
Data-driven companies require robust solutions for managing and analyzing large quantities of data across their organizations. These systems must be scalable, reliable, and secure enough for regulated industries, as well as flexible enough to support a wide variety of data types and use cases. The requirements go way beyond the capabilities of any traditional database. That’s where the data warehouse comes in. A data warehouse is an enterprise system used for the analysis and reporting of structured and semi-structured data from multiple sources, such as point-of-sale transactions, marketing automation, customer relationship management, and more. A data warehouse is suited for ad hoc analysis as well custom reporting and can store both current and historical data in one place. It is designed to give a long-range view of data over time, making it a primary component of business intelligence. Read more.
What is streaming analytics?
Streaming analytics is the processing and analyzing of data records continuously rather than in batches. Generally, streaming analytics is useful for the types of data sources that send data in small sizes (often in kilobytes) in a continuous flow as the data is generated. Read more.
What is machine learning (ML)?
Today’s enterprises are bombarded with data. To drive better business decisions, they have to make sense of it. But the sheer volume coupled with complexity makes data difficult to analyze using traditional tools. Building, testing, iterating, and deploying analytical models for identifying patterns and insights in data eats up employees’ time. Then after being deployed, such models also have to be monitored and continually adjusted as the market situation or the data itself changes. Machine learning is the solution. Machine learning allows businesses to enable the data to teach the system how to solve the problem at hand with machine learning algorithms—and how to get better over time. Read more.
What is natural language processing (NLP)?
Natural language processing (NLP) uses machine learning to reveal the structure and meaning of text. With natural language processing applications, organizations can analyze text and extract information about people, places, and events to better understand social media sentiment and customer conversations. Read more.
Learn more
This is just a sampling of frequently asked questions about cloud computing. To learn more, visit our resources page at cloud.google.com/learn.
Next-Level Search: Discover the Game-Changing Capabilities of Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder

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In our conversations with customers, few generative AI use cases have driven as much enthusiasm as generative search. Leaders at enterprises know the limits of traditional enterprise search, with queries producing a list of links based on pattern matching, and significant manual investigation required to find the more relevant answers. In generative AI, these leaders see an opportunity to leverage their data more effectively and deeply, including applying it to conversational apps that can answer complex questions, produce accurate summaries that synthesize many sources, and help people get the information they need, faster.
Enterprise Search on Generative AI App Builder (Gen App Builder) lets organizations create custom chatbots and semantic search applications in as little as a few minutes, with minimal coding needed to get started and enterprise-grade management and security built in. Customers can combine their internal data with the power of Google’s search technologies and generative foundation models, delivering relevant, personalized search experiences for enterprise applications or consumer-facing websites.
To date, most approaches to combining generative AI and search technology have been inadequate for the scale and reliability needed for enterprise use. For example, building search by breaking long documents into chunks and feeding each segment into an AI assistant typically isn’t scalable and doesn’t effectively provide insights across multiple sources. Likewise, many solutions are limited in the data types they can handle, prone to errors, and susceptible to data leakage. Bespoke, do-it-yourself approaches are generally no easier, with production-grade solutions often requiring complex tasks like integrating embeddings data with foundation models and significant use case data testing. Even when organizations make these efforts, the resulting solutions still tend to lack feature completeness and reliability, with significant investments of time and resources required to achieve high-quality results.
These challenges demonstrate that to effectively implement generative search, organizations typically need more than access to powerful foundation models. They also likely need the ability to ground model outputs in specific data, so that outputs are more relevant and less likely to include mistakes or “hallucinations.” They generally need safeguards that protect their data, how it is accessed, and how it is used. And they generally need the process to be high-performant and scalable out of the box, making the functionality easy to use even if the organization lacks data science and machine learning expertise.
Let’s look at how Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder helps customers bypass these scale and reliability challenges, so they can start leveraging generative search quickly.
The intersection of generative AI and enterprise data
Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder lets developers create search engines that help ground outputs in specific data sources for accuracy and relevance, can handle multimodal data such as images, and include controls over how answer summaries are generated. Multi-turn conversations are supported so that users can ask follow up questions as they peruse outputs, and customers have control over their data—including the ability to support HIPAA compliance for healthcare use cases. All of this is available as a fully managed service, so developers can focus on building rather than cloud complexity.
Gen App Builder’s out-of-box capabilities can remove the need for data chunking, generating embeddings, or managing indexes, hiding complexity behind a straightforward interface that lets developers build apps in minutes with little or no coding and no prior machine learning experience. With the ability to ingest large volumes of documents and support for both unstructured and structured data, apps built with Gen App Builder help customers solve the long-standing headache of finding relevant information across the organization, turning tasks that used to take hours into quick searches or conversational explorations with an app.
These capabilities are underpinned by both Google’s foundation models and a variety of Google Search technologies, including:
- Semantic search, which helps deliver more relevant results than traditional keyword-based search techniques by using natural language processing and machine learning techniques to infer relationships within the content and intent from the user’s query input.
- Google’s understanding of how users search for information.
- Google’s expertise in understanding relevance, which considers factors such as content popularity and user personalization of content when determining the order in which search results are displayed.
For more advanced use cases, Gen App Builder can be easily integrated with Vertex AI for in-depth foundation model tuning, enabling flexible input and output search formats.
As always with our AI products, Gen App Builder has been evaluated for alignment with our AI Principles, which is reflected by the product’s many safeguards against bias, toxic content, and unhelpful outputs. Whether for prototypes built in minutes or apps with many custom components, Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder offers a robust suite of user-friendly tools for customers across industries and levels of expertise.
How customers are innovating with Enterprise Search
After gaining access to Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder via our trusted tester program, a number of customers are already leveraging the product for novel use cases.
Priceline is harnessing Gen App Builder and Vertex AI for a range of projects, including internal search engines for employees and a new chatbot to assist customers as they make travel plans. Slated to be available across both desktop and mobile experiences, Priceline’s chatbot will help customers find the right information faster via always-on, personalized experiences, including answering nuanced questions like, “What are the best 4-star hotel options in midtown Manhattan within walking distance to Central Park?” and “Can you help me extend my hotel reservation for an additional night?”
“Priceline is charting a course to transform the novelty of generative AI into lasting value for our customers and our business. We believe it’s not just about having the latest technology; it’s also about practically targeting innovation to the right challenges and opportunities,” said Marty Brodbeck, Chief Technology Officer, Priceline. “With Google Cloud as our AI innovation partner, we’re doubling down on our commitment to delivering the fastest, most seamless and informative booking experience for our customers, from personalized planning and travel inspiration to customer service.”
Vodafone is experimenting with Enterprise Search and foundation models on Gen App Builder to build a tool that can rapidly and securely query documents, search, and understand specific commercial terms and conditions. Vodafone Voice and Roaming Services has over 10,000 contracts with other telecommunications companies worldwide, in a variety of formats such as PDFs, images, and complex tables. Searching this document repository is often a time consuming process for employees.
“Every day we introduce and manage new services like 5G to a roaming footprint comprising more than 700 operators in 210 countries to ensure both Vodafone and our partners’ business customers, holidaymakers, and Internet of Things devices stay connected when abroad. With Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder, we are building an intelligent assistant to securely and quickly search contracts.” said Sherif Bakir, CEO of Vodafone Voice and Roaming Services. “With generative AI, we’re accelerating otherwise protracted processes, increasing productivity and operational efficiency.”
Software startup Trender.ai, which creates customer monitoring and intelligence solutions for B2B relationships, is using Gen App Builder to build a product that can synthesize information from social media, public sources, and CRM data so that users can form more productive, personal relationships with prospects and customers.
“With Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder, we have been able to do things in the last month that we had projected to take 12-18 months on our prior roadmap,” said Betsy Bilhorn, co-founder at Trender.ai. “We had expected it would take at least 12 months to build and train models from an individual’s public social, web, and other data, and to then be able to ask questions like ‘What things are most important to this person?’ or ‘When and how is the best way to make an introduction to this prospect that they’ll respond to?’ Last year, we thought getting to this vision was a bit of a moonshot for a startup our size — but now we were able to achieve this in under a month.”
Stop searching for solutions — start discovering insights
We’re excited to see how customers use Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder to leverage data in powerful ways, discover new insights, and create useful, personal, and efficient experiences.
Today, we’re pleased to help our customers accomplish these goals, with the general availability of Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder for customers on the allowlist (i.e., approved for access). Please contact your Google Cloud sales team for access and pricing details. We are also launching two new features within Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder that are available today in our preview offering: multi-turn search, which supports asking follow-up questions, and content recommendations to find semantically relevant content. Access to the preview offering is available via Google Cloud’s trusted tester program. Read more about Enterprise Search on Gen App Builder and sign up for access on our webpage.
We’re also bringing generative AI features of Enterprise Search to our existing solutions like Contact Center AI and Document AI. As an example, starting this month, customers can preview generative AI-powered search in Document AI Warehouse. To keep up with our latest generative AI news, don’t miss The Prompt or our generative AI primer for executives on Transform with Google Cloud.

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As a customer experience platform, Genesys helps clients nurture great relationships with customers, and creates seamless user journeys across all channels and devices. Its technologies are used by more than 10,000 companies in over 100 countries, making Genesys the top provider of its kind for 25 years in a row.
To improve data efficiency and communication across the company, Genesys turned to Analytics Pros, a digital analytics agency. Together, they used the power of Google Data Studio to transform the way teams across Genesys accessed and used data.
Communicating With Data
The marketing and product teams at Genesys had always been passionate about using data to optimize their user experience and marketing channels. But the problem was showing the data. The different offices and executives around the world had trouble logging in to view the data—and once they did, the reports were intimidating and confusing.
After learning more about the capabilities of Data Studio, Genesys decided to run a pilot project. Analytics Pros helped the company combine multiple data sets into self-service, fully-customizable dashboards on Data Studio. And it was a huge success. Regional teams were thrilled to have meaningful dashboards, and even executives started using and sharing reports.
Telehealth Improves Patient and Clinical Experiences across Continuum of Care

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According to a National Academy of Medicine discussion paper, social determinants of health (SDoH) account for upwards of 80% of a population’s health outcomes. Breaking this down further, 50% come just from socioeconomic and physical environment factors such as education, employment, income, family and social support, community safety, air and water quality, and access to housing and transit. SDoH determine access to and quality of healthcare, and are contributors to a system of disparate access to care.


We believe that to more efficiently provide comprehensive healthcare access to more people, providers will leverage technology to blend in-person and virtual modes of care delivery.
In this article, Amwell and Google Cloud examine five ways telehealth – as part of a provider’s overall care model – can help democratize access to healthcare. (graphic url)
Remove distance as a barrier to care
8.6 million Americans live more than 30 minutes from their nearest hospital. Long drives can deter patients from seeking care or maintaining routine visits. On the flip side, 92% of Americans nationwide have access to wired broadband in the home or through mobile broadband. Therefore, having a virtual visit just a click away can help remove barriers to care, like distance.
Eliminate the risk of unnecessary exposure
Virtual care means that patients don’t have to worry about potential exposure in transit, while sitting in waiting rooms, or from direct interactions during in-person health visits. This is particularly relevant when it comes to those with chronic diseases or underlying conditions. Telehealth provides patients who may be more susceptible to diseases with access to continuous healthcare without putting them at higher risk for developing more severe symptoms. Virtual visits can occur in the comfort –and safety– of patients’ homes.
Extend access to specialized care
55% of preventable hospitalization or mortality in rural settings is due to lack of access to specialty care. With telehealth, physical proximity to specialized services–typically in urban areas–can be reduced as a limiting factor. Virtual solutions grant everyone access to top specialists, regardless of location.
Save time and money
By augmenting in-person visits with telehealth applications, providers can benefit from greater efficiencies in scheduling, helping to improve their bottom line, and add more flexibility to their workday. Meanwhile, patients can spend less on travel and childcare, limit time taken off work, and save on other costs associated with in-person visits — for a savings of $35 to $690 per visit. In a survey by the COVID-19 Healthcare Coalition, 76% of the 2,000+ patients surveyed across the US responded that transportation was removed as a barrier, 65% reported they no longer had to take time off from work for an appointment, and 67 percent reporting lower costs than an in-person visit.
Combat physician shortage and fatigue
Research shows there will be a shortage of more than 100,000 doctors by 2030. In the midst of a physician shortage, telehealth can help improve care delivery and make it more efficient, ensuring more people can still have their healthcare needs addressed. Additionally, by integrating intelligence such as case triaging along with telehealth into a virtual care model, providers can help reduce clinician burnout.
Amwell and Google Cloud are partnering to deliver transformative telehealth solutions that will make it easier for more patients to receive care and improve patient and clinician experiences across the continuum of care. One example includes embedding real-time captioning and translation services powered by Google Cloud’s AI and NLP technologies within the Amwell platform to increase health access and understanding for more people.
As physicians, we are excited that the future of healthcare will continue to blend cloud technologies like EHR-integrated telehealth platforms, AI, healthcare-trained virtual agents along with in-person care to create an integrated hybrid care model that will improve patient outcomes and unburden providers, all while expanding access to broader patient populations.
To learn more, download the whitepaper “Healthcare’s Virtual Transformation,” written in conjunction with Becker’s Hospital Review.
1: “Social Determinants of Health 101 for Health Care: Five Plus Five,” National Academy of Medicine, October 2017
Custom Voice Feature Can Help Brands Tweak IVR for Better Customer Experiences

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With the rise of digital assistants and conversational interfaces, people have grown accustomed to hearing and speaking to synthetic voices. But what do those voices sound like? Often, pretty repetitive. We’re all familiar with the Google Assistant voice, for example.
That’s why we are excited to announce the general availability of Custom Voice in our Cloud Text-to-Speech (TTS) API, a new feature that lets you train custom voice models with your own audio recordings to create unique experiences.
For businesses looking to build a strong brand identity, establishing a unique voice can help turn mobile app interactions or customer service based on interactive voice responses (IVR) into differentiated customer experiences. Our TTS API has included a speech synthesis service with a static list of voices for some time, but now, with Custom Voice, moving beyond these predefined options is easier than ever.
Custom Voice lets you simply submit your audio recordings to get access to the new voice directly in the TTS API. Custom Voice TTS includes guidance on the audio requirements to help make sure you generate a high quality custom TTS voice model. Once this new model is trained, all you have to do to start using the newly trained voice is reference the model ID in your calls to the Cloud TTS API.
At Google, we are committed to building safe and accountable AI products, not only because it’s the right thing to do, but because it is a critical step in ensuring successful use in production. As part of Google Cloud’s Responsible AI governance process, we conducted a deep ethical evaluation of Custom Voice TTS, and its relation to synthetic media, in order to surface and mitigate potential harms that it may create. If you are interested in Custom Voice TTS, there is a review process to help ensure each use case is aligned with our AI Principles and adequate voice actor consent is given.
Additionally, to verify that voice actors are actually the ones producing the audio, you will need to submit an audio file producing a sentence that Google Cloud chooses (for example: “I agree that my voice will be used to create a synthetic custom Text-to-Speech voice).
We’re looking forward to seeing this API help businesses solve problems in an easy, fast, and scalable way. TTS Custom Voice is now GA in these languages:
English (US)
English (AU)
English (UK)
Spanish (US)
Spanish (Spain)
French (France)
French (Canada)
Italian (Italy)
German (Germany)
Portugues (Brazil)
Japanese (Japan)
We plan to continue expanding this lineup in order to meet your needs. Ready to try for yourself? Contact your seller to get started on your use case evaluation today!
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Pytorch at Scale on Cloud TPUs
Cloud TPU Pods are machine learning supercomputers that enable enterprises to train large machine learning models at a scale otherwise difficult or sometimes impossible.
They deliver business value through solving many machine learning problems including image search, neural architecture search and large-scale language models both for Google and Google Cloud customers.
However, until a few months ago TPU devices and pods were limited to Tensorflow models. Much awaited support for Pytorch was announced in Pytorch conference 2019.
In this session, Vaibhav Singh, ML Specialist, Cloud Customer Engineer, Google Cloud and Taylan Bilal, Software Engineer, Google Cloud demystify the art and science of training your Pytorch models on TPUs. They take you through a step-by-step walkthrough using an example, then explain how it works, and finally how to scale up Pytorch training with Cloud TPU Pods.
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